1. A BRIEF HISTORY
Strawberries are herbaceous fruit crops
were first discovered in Chile, USA.
One
strawberry plant species that Fragaria chiloensis L spread to many countries of
America, Europe and Asia. Furthermore, other
species, namely L. F. vesca more widespread than other species. These same types of strawberries first
entry into Indonesia.
2. TYPES OF PLANTS
The botanical classification of
strawberry plants are as follows:
·
Division: Spermatophyta
o Sub
Division: Angiospermae
§
Class: Dicotyledonae
§
Family: Rosaceae
§
Genus: Fragaria
§
Species: Fragaria spp.
Strawberries that we found in the
supermarket is a hybrid resulting from a cross F. virgiana L. var Duchesne
North American origin with chiloensis F. Duchesne Chilean L. var. Crosses that produce hybrid which is
the modern strawberry (commercial) Fragaria x annanassa var Duchesne. Introduction strawberry varieties that
can be grown in Indonesia is Osogrande, Pajero, Selva, Ostara, Tenira, Robunda,
Bogota, Elvira, Grella and Red Gantlet.
The
varieties planted Cianjur Japanese Hokowaze rapid fruition. Farmers Lembang (Bandung) that has long
been planted strawberries, using local varieties of Bengal and pineapple are
suitable for making processed foods such as hours of strawberries.
3. BENEFITS OF PLANTS
Strawberries used as food in fresh or
processed state. Food products made from
strawberries have been widely known, for example syrup, jam, or stup (compote)
strawberries.
4. INVESTMENT CENTER
It can be said that the cultivation of strawberries
not widely known and in demand. Because
it requires low temperatures, cultivation in Indonesia should be done in the
highlands. Lembang and Cianjur
(West Java) is the central areas of agriculture where many farmers have started
cultivating strawberries. It can be said that
for now, the two regions are centers of planting strawberries.
5. TERMS OF GROWTH
5.1.
Climate
1.
Strawberry plants can grow well in
areas with rainfall of 600-700 mm / year.
2.
The duration of sunlight exposure
needed for growth is 8-10 hours per day.
3.
Strawberries are a subtropical plant
that can adapt well in tropical highlands which has a temperature of 17-20
degrees C.
4.
Air humidity is good for the growth of
strawberry plants between 80-90%.
5.2.
Growing
Media
1.
If planted in the garden, the land
needed is sandy clay, fertile, friable, contains a lot of organic matter, water
and air system either.
2.
The degree of soil acidity (pH soil) is
ideal for the cultivation of strawberries in the garden is 5.4-7.0, while for
cultivation in pots is 6.5-7,0.
3.
If planted in garden soil, the depth of
water required is 50-100 cm from ground level. If grown in pots, the
media should have the shaft, easily merembeskan water and nutrients is always
available.
5.3.
Height
Places
Eligible altitude climate is
1,000-1,500 meters above sea level.
6. GUIDELINES FOR RAISING
6.1.
Seeding
Strawberries propagated by seeds and
seedlings vegetative (saplings and stolons or root tendrils). As for the need of seed per hectare
between 40000-83350.
1.
Propagation by seed
1.
Seeds purchased from the farm shop,
soak the seeds in water for 15 minutes then keringanginkan.
2.
Nursery box or plastic in the form of
wooden boxes, filled with media in the form of a mixture of soil, sand and
manure (compost) fine net (1: 1: 1). Planted the seeds
evenly over the medium and cover with a thin soil. Seedling
box covered with plastic or clear glass and stored at temperatur18-20 degrees C.
3.
Seedbed watered every day, after the
two strands leafy seedlings ready dipindahtanam to weaning beds at 2-3 cm
distance between seeds.
Media
planting beds with the media weaning nursery. Seedbed shaded with
clear plastic.
While
in the seedbed, seed fertilizer leaves. After measuring 10 cm
and has merumpun plants, the seedlings are transferred to the garden.
2.
Vegetative seedlings for cultivation of
strawberries in the garden plants selected parent must be aged 1-2 years old,
healthy and productive.
Seedling
preparation and stolons are as follows:
1.
Seedling: Clumps dismantled with a hoe,
the parent plant is divided into several sections which contain at least one
seedling.
Each
seedling is planted in polybags 18 x 15 cm containing a mixture of soil, sand
and manure halis (1: 1: 1), store in plastic roofed nursery beds.
2.
Stolon seedlings: Clumps that have had
root tendrils selected first and second. Both of these tendril
roots are cut.
Seedlings
planted in or polybags 18 x 15 cm containing a mixture of soil, sand and manure
(1: 1: 1).
After
a height of 10 cm and leafy green, seedlings ready to be moved to the garden.
3.
Seeds for cultivation of strawberries
in polybag: Breeding of seed or seedling / stolon done in the same way, but the
planting medium grain rice mixture and manure (2: 1). Once
the seedlings in the nursery leafy two or seedlings from seedling / stolon in
small polybags (18 x15) are ready to move the seedlings are transferred to
large polybag size 30 x 20 cm containing the same media. In
this polybag seedlings reared to produce.
6.2.
Media
Processing Plant
1.
Cultivation in the garden without
plastic mulch
1.
At the beginning of the rainy season,
cultivated land with good depth of 30-40 cm.
2.
Keringanginkan for 15-30 days.
3.
Build beds: width 80 x 100 cm, height
30-40 cm, length adapted to the land, the distance between beds of 40 x 60 cm
or ridges: width 40 x 60 cm, height 30-40 cm, length adapted to the land, the
distance between the ridges 40 x 60 cm.
4.
Sprinkle 20-30 tonnes / ha manure /
compost evenly over the surface of the beds / ridges.
5.
Let beds / ridges for 15 days. f)
Make the planting hole with a distance of 40 x 30 cm, 50 x 50 cm or 50 x 40 cm.
2.
Cultivation in the garden with plastic
mulch.
1.
At the beginning of the rainy season,
cultivated land well and keringanginkan 15-30 days.
2.
Make beds: width 80 x 120 cm, height
30-40 cm, length adapted to the land, the distance between beds of 60 cm or
ridges: bottom width of 60 cm, width of 40 cm, height 30-40 cm, length adapted
to the land, the distance between beds of 60 cm.
3.
Keringanginkan 15 days.
4.
Sprinkle and mix with the soil beds /
ridges 200 kg of urea, 250 kg SP-36 and 100 kg / ha KCl.
5.
Flush until moist.
6.
Replace the black or black plastic
mulch silver cover beds / ridges and edges are reinforced with the aid of a
U-shaped bamboo
7.
Make a hole in the top of the
pedestal-sized plastic cans of sweetened condensed milk. The
distance between the holes in rows 30, 40 or 50 cm, so that a spacing to 40 x
30, 50 x 50 or 50 x 40 cm.
8.
Make the planting hole at the top of
the mulch pit earlier.
3.
Liming: If the soil acidic, 2-4 ton /
ha lime calcite / dolomite scattered on the beds / ridges and mixed evenly. Liming
is done immediately after the beds / ridges completed.
6.3.
Planting
Techniques
1.
Flush polybag containing the seeds and
remove the seed along cropping media with caution.
2.
Planting the seedlings in the planting
hole and condense the soil around the base of the stem.
3.
For plants with no mulch, fertilize
basic fertilizers as much as 1/3 of the recommended (recommended dosage of 200
kg / ha of urea, 250 kg SP-36 and 150 kg / ha KCl). Fertilizer
given in the hole as far as 15 cm on either side of the plant.
4.
Water the soil around the base of the
stem through moist.
6.4.
Plant
Maintenance
1.
Stitching: Stitching is done before the
plant was 15 days after planting. Embroidered plant is
dead or grow abnormally.
2.
Weeding: Weeding is done on the
planting of strawberries without or with plastic mulch. Mulch
that is in between the rows / beds removed and buried in the ground. Time
weeding depends on the growth of weeds, usually conducted with supplementary
fertilization.
3.
Perempelan / Pruning: Plants that are
too dense, too many leaves should be trimmed. Pruning is done
regularly, especially discard the leaves of old / damaged. Strawberry
plants replanted every two years.
4.
Fertilization
1.
Cultivation without mulch: Fertilizer
aftershocks given 1.5-2 months after planting as much as 2/3 of the recommended
dosage.
Giving
a way sown in shallow array between the rows, then covered the ground.
2.
Planting with mulch: Fertilizer
aftershocks added if growth is less good. A mixture of urea,
SP-36 and KCl (1: 2: 1.5) as much as 5 kg dissolved in 200 liters of water. Each
plant was watered with 350-500 cc fertilizer solution.
5.
Irrigation and Watering: Up to
2-week-old plants, watering is done 2 times a day. After
that watering is reduced gradually with the soil does not dry condition. Watering
can be watered or menjanuhi trench between beds with water.
6.
Installation of Dry Mulch: Mulch dried
installed as early as possible after planting on beds / ridges are not using
plastic mulch.
Straw
or hay is 3-5 cm thick is spread on the surface of the beds / ridges and
between the rows of plants.
7. PEST AND DISEASE
7.1.
Pest
1.
Aphids (Chaetosiphon fragaefolii)
o Lice
yellow-reddish yellow, small (1-2 mm), live clustered at the lower surface of
leaves.
o Symptoms:
shoots / leaves wrinkles, curls, the formation of flowers / fruit inhibited.
o Control:
with insecticide Fastac 15 EC and Confidor 200 LC.
2.
Mites (Tetranychus sp. And Tarsonemus
sp.)
o Mites
are very small, oval-shaped females, males somewhat triangular shaped and
reddish eggs.
o Symptoms:
The leaves mottled yellow to brown, curly, dry out and fall.
o Control:
with insecticide ommittee 570 EC, Mitac 200 EC or Agrimec 18 EC.
3.
Flower weevils (Anthonomus rubi), root
weevils (Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus) and stem weevil (O. sulcatus).
o Symptoms:
The part of the plant that digerek contained flour.
o Control:
with insecticide Decis 2.5 EC, Perfekthion 400 EC or 500 EC Curacron in the
time leading flowering phase.
4.
Mealybug (Pseudococcus sp.)
o Symptoms:
part of the plant will be covered with white lice abnormal.
o Control:
chemical insecticide Perfekthion 400 EC or Decis 2.5 EC.
5.
Nematodes (Aphelenchoides fragariae or
A. ritzemabosi)
o Life
in the base of the stem even plant shoots.
o Symptoms:
stunted growth of plants, the petiole thin and less hairy.
o Control:
with nematicides Trimaton US 370, Rugby 10 G or 10 G. Nemacur
7.2.
Disease
1.
Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)
o Symptoms:
part of the fruit brown rot and then dried up.
o Control:
with fungicide Benlate or Grosid 50 SD.
2.
Ripe fruit rot (Colletotrichum
fragariae Brooks)
o Symptoms:
bah-basahan kebasah cook became brown and fruit filled with pink spore masses.
o Control:
with a copper fungicide active ingredient as Kocide 80 US, Funguran 82 WP,
Cupravit OB 21.
3.
Rizopus rot (Rhizopus stolonifer).
o Symptoms:
1.
rotten fruit, watery, light brown and
when pressed will issue a turbid fluid;
2.
in storage, infected fruit would be
closed fungal mycelium white and black spores.
o Control:
discard diseased fruit, good post-harvest and cultivation with plastic mulch.
4.
Red pith (Phytophthora fragariae Hickman)
o Symptoms:
The fungus attacks the roots so the plants grow stunted, the leaves are not
fresh, sometimes withering, especially during the day.
5.
Powdery mildew (Sphaetotheca mascularis
or Uncinula Necator).
o Symptoms:
affected areas, especially the leaves, covered with a layer of thin white like
flour, flowers will dry up and fall.
o Control:
with fungicide Benlate or Rubigan 120 EC.
6.
Leaf-footed (Diplocarpon earliana or
Marssonina fragariae)
o Symptoms:
Leaves mottled oval to angular irregular, dark purple.
o Chemical
control with fungicide Dithane M-45 or Antracol 70 WP.
7.
Leaf spot
o Cause:
1.
Ramularia tulasnii or Mycosphaerella
fragariae,
§
Symptoms: a small dark purple spots on
the leaves. Center brown spots
that will turn white;
2.
Pestalotiopsis disseminated,
§
Symptoms: round spots on the leaves. Center brown spots surrounded FUA edges
reddish brown or yellowish, easily fall leaves;
3.
Rhizoctonia solani,
§
Symptoms: large black-brown spots on
the leaves.
§
Chemical control with copper fungicide
active ingredients such as Funguran 82 WP, WP or Cupravit Kocide 77 OB 21.
8.
Late blight (Phomopsis obscurans).
o Symptoms:
bula stain gray surrounded by purple red color, then stains form a wound like
the letter V.
o Control:
with Dithane M-45, Antracol Daconil 75 70 WP or WP.
9.
Vertisillium wilt (Verticillium
dahliae)
o Symptoms:
infected leaves yellowish to brown, withered and dead plants.
o Control:
through fumigation gas with Basamid-G.
10.
Virus
o Transmitted
through insect aphids or mites.
o Symptoms:
the color changes from green to yellow leaves (chlorosis) along the veins or
spots (motle), the leaves become wrinkled, stiff, dwarf plants.
o Control:
use virus-free seeds, destroying infected plants, spraying pesticides to control
insects carrying the virus. Prevention
of pests and diseases can generally be done by keeping the gardens / plants,
plant simultaneously (to break the life cycle), planting healthy seeds, provide
fertilizer as recommended so that the plants grow healthy, do not crop rotation
with family Rosaceae plants and cut parts of plants / revoke diseased plants. Cultivating strawberries with plastic
mulch will suppress the growth of pests / diseases. Especially for the disease, usually
drainage improvements can reduce attacks.
8. HARVEST
Stolon plant origin and puppies started
berbung when he was 2 months after planting.
The
first flowers should be discarded.
After
a 4-month-old plants, flowers were allowed to grow into fruit. Flowering and fruiting period may last
for 2 years without stopping.
8.1.
Characteristics
and Harvest
1.
Fruit already somewhat chewy and
slightly padded.
2.
Rind predominantly red in color:
reddish green to reddish yellow.
3.
Fruit since the age of 2 weeks of
flowering or 10 days after the beginning of fruit formation.
8.2.
How
to Harvest
Harvesting is done by cutting out parts
of the flower stalk with petals.
Harvesting
is done twice a week.
7.3.
Estimated
Production
Strawberry crop productivity depends on
the varieties and cultivation techniques:
1.
Osogrande varieties: 1.2 kg / plant /
year.
2.
Pajero varieties: 0.8 kg / plant /
year.
3.
Selva varieties: 0.6-0.7 kg / plant /
year.
Strawberry cultivation techniques with
UV shade provide results 1 to 1.25 kg / plant / year.
9. Postharvest
1.
Collection: Fruits stored in a
container with care so as not to bruise, keep in the shade or brought directly
to the shelter results.
Spread
fruit on a bare floor tarpaulins / plastic. Wash fruit with
running water and drain on top of the storage shelves.
2.
Sorting and classification: Separate
the damaged fruit from good fruit. Fruit sorting based
on the variety, color, size and shape of the fruit. There
are 3 classes of fruit quality, namely:
1.
Extra classes: (1) pieces measuring
20-30 mm or dependent species; (2) color and uniform fruit maturity.
2.
Class I: (1) pieces measuring 15-25 mm
or dependent species;
(2)
the shape and color of the fruit varies.
3.
Class II: (1) there is no limit on size
of fruit;
(2)
the selection of extra class and class I were still in good condition.
3.
Packaging and Storage: The fruit is
packed in a transparent plastic container or white 0.25-0.5 kg capacity and
covered with plastic sheets of polyethylene. Storage is done on a
shelf in the refrigerator 0-1 degrees C.
10. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CROP
CULTIVATION
10.1 Analysis of Cultivation
Approximate analysis of 1 hectare
cultivation of strawberries for 2 years with a spacing of 50 x 40 cm using
black plastic mulch silver (MPHP) in West Java in 1999.
1.
Production cost
1.
2-year land lease for Rp. 5.000.000,
-
2.
50,000 seedlings saplings @ Rp. 1.000,
- USD.
50.000.000,
-
3.
Fertilizer and lime
§
Manure 30 tons @ Rp. 150.000, - Rp. 4.500.000, -
§
Urea: 2 x 200 kg @ Rp. 1.500, - USD. 600.000, -
§
SP-36: 2 x 250 kg @ Rp. 1.800, - USD. 900.000, -
§
KCl: 2 x 100 kg @ Rp. 1.800, - USD. 360.000, -
§
Kapur: 4 ton @ Rp. Rp 400,000. 1.600.000, -
§
Foliar fertilizer: 20 kg @ Rp. Rp 20,000. 400.000, -
4.
Pesticides 20 kg Rp. 1.300.000,
-
5.
Equipment and buildings
§
20 rolls of plastic mulch @ Rp. 300.000, - Rp. 6.000.000, -
§
Agricultural implements Rp. 1.250.000, -
§
Gubug 1 unit Rp. 1.000.000, -
6.
Labor
§
Tillage, make beds: 150 HKP @ Rp.7.500,
- USD. 1,125,000, -
§
Fertilizer, lime and mulch plug 50 HKP
Rp. 375.000, -
§
Planting 10 HKP + 30 HKW (@ Rp. 5,000)
to Rp. 225.000, -
§
Maintenance 2 years 80 HKP + 100 HKW
Rp. 1.100.000, -
§
Salary planters 2 people for 2 years
Rp. 12.000.000, -
7.
Harvest and post-harvest
§
Harvest and post-harvest 100 HKP + 200
HKW Rp. 1.750.000, -
8.
Other: Tax and fee Rp. 500.000,
-
9.
Total production cost Rp. 89.985
million, -
2.
Production 1 th / ha: 0.45 kg / year x
x Rp 40,000 plants.
5.500,
- Rp.198.000.000, -
3.
Advantages for 2 years Rp.108.015.000,
- -> Advantages USD per year. 54.0075 million, -
4.
Feasibility parameters: 1. Output /
Input ratio (within 1 year) = 1.1
Description: HKP Weekdays Men, HKW
Weekdays women.
10.2.
Agribusiness
Opportunity Overview
Strawberries tasty, fragrant and very
appealing to the eye, so the strawberry crop could or could potentially be used
as agro-tourism area where visitors can reap the fruit directly under
supervision.
11. STANDARD PRODUCTION
11.1.
Scope
This standard covers the classification
/ categorization and quality requirements, sampling method, test methods,
labeling requirements and way of packaging.
11.2.
Description:
...
11.3.
Classification
and Quality Standards: Based on its size, strawberries are classified into 4
classes:
·
Class AA:> 20 g / fruit
·
Class A: 11-20 gram / fruit
·
Class B: 7-12 gram / fruit
·
Class C1: 7-8 grams / fruit
·
Quality is determined by the strawberry
flavor (sweet-bit acids), skin smoothness and mechanical injuries in a
collision or pests and disease.
11.4.
Sampling
One party / lot strawberry fruit
consists of a maximum of 1,000 packaging.
Samples
are taken at random from the quantity of packaging in one (1) party / lot.
1.
The amount of packaging in the party /
lot 1 s / d 5, an example of taking all
2.
The amount of packaging in the party /
lot 6 s / d 100, taking the example of at least 5
3.
The amount of packaging in the party /
lot 101 s / d 300, taking the example of at least 7
4.
The amount of packaging in the party /
lot 301 s / d 500, sample taking at least 9
5.
The amount of packaging in the party /
lot 501 s / d in 1000, an example of taking at least 10
The sampling officer must meet the
requirements that people who have experienced or trained in advance and had
ties with a legal entity.
11.5.
Packaging
Fresh strawberries are served in the
form of loose, wrapped in paper material, plastic netting or material
appropriate judgments, and packed with bamboo basket or cardboard box / timber
/ other materials that conform with or without a buffer, with a maximum net
weight of 10 kg. On the outside of the
packaging, labeled that reads inter alia:
1.
Indonesian production.
2.
Name of goods / cultivars.
3.
Class sizes.
4.
Kind of quality.
5.
Name Pprusahaan / exporters.
6.
Net weight / gross.
12. REFERENCES
1.
Dr. Livy Winata Gunawan,
Ir.
Strawberries. 1996.
Penebar Organization.
Jakarta
2.
H.Rahmat Rukmana, Ir. 1998.
Cultivation and Postharvest Strawberries. Publisher Canisius
Yogyakarta.
3.
Fortunately Onny. Strawberries
1999 Morning in Bali afternoon in Jakarta. Poster no. 350
p.
52-
53.
Source: Management Information System
Development in Rural Areas, BAPPENAS
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