avocado cultivation

1. A BRIEF HISTORY

Plants avocado is a fruit plant a tree with the name alpuket (West Java), avocado (East Java / Central Java), boah pokat, Jamboo pokat (Batak), advocates, Jamboo butter, Jamboo pooan, pookat (Lampung) and others. Avocado crop comes from the lowland / Central America and higher
expected to enter Indonesia in the 18th century. Officially between the years 1920-1930 Indonesia had introduced 20 varieties of avocados from Central America and the United States to obtain improved varieties in order to improve health and nutrition, especially in the highlands.

2. TYPES OF PLANTS

Detailed classification of avocado crops are as follows:
Division: Spermatophyta
Children Division: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledoneae
Nation: Ranales
Family: Lauraceae
Marga: Persea
Varieties: Persea americana Mill
Based on the ecological properties, avocado plant consists of three types of heredity / race, namely :.

1) Race Mexico

Hailing from the highlands of Mexico and Equador semi-tropical climate with an altitude between 2400-2800 m above sea level. This race has leaves and fruit
smelling of fennel. Flowering period until the fruit can be harvested approximately 6 months. Small fruit weighing 100-225 grams, oblong shape (oval), short-stemmed,
the skin is thin and slippery. Large seed meets the fruit cavity. Fruit flesh has a content of oil / fat is highest. This race is resistant to cold temperatures.

2) Ras Guatemala

Hailing from the highlands of Central America sub-tropical climate with a height of about 800-2400 m above sea level. This race is less resistant to cold temperatures (tolerance
to -4.5 degrees C). Leaves no smell of fennel. The fruit has a fairly large size, weighing between 200-2300 grams, thick rind, hard,
easily damaged and coarse (berbintil-nodule). Ripe fruit between 9-12 months after flowering. Seeds are relatively small and tightly stuck in the cavity, with the seed coat attached. Fruit pulp has an oil content being.

3) Ras West Indies

Derived from lowland Central America and South America tropical, with an altitude below 800 m above sea level. This variety is very sensitive to low temperatures, with a tolerance of up to minus 2 degrees C. odorless fennel leaves, leaf color brighter than the other two races. The fruit is large, weighing between 400-2300 grams, short stalks, fruit peel somewhat slippery clay and thick. Ripe fruit 6-9 months after flowering. Seeds are large and often loose in the cavity, puck rough seed. Oil content and flesh lowest.

Avocado varieties in Indonesia can be classified into two, namely:

1) yielding varieties

Superior properties include higher production, tolerant to pests and diseases, uniform fruit oval and medium-sized, flesh
good quality and not fibrous, small grain seed attached to the cavity, as well as fruit skin slippery. As of the date of January 14, 1987, the Minister of Agriculture
has established two superior varieties of avocado, namely the long green avocado and green circular. The properties of both varieties, among others:

·    a. Tree height: 5-8 m long green avocado, avocado green round 6-8 m.

·    b. Leaf shape: long green avocado long round with flat edge, avocado green round round long with wavy edges.

·    c. Grain, green avocado continuous length, depending on the location and soil fertility, avocado green circular constantly, depending on the location and soil fertility.

·    d. Fruit Weight: 0.3-0.5 kg long green avocado, avocado green round 0.3-0.4 kg.

·    e. Fruit shape: long green avocado pear shape (pyriform), avocado green rounded oval (oblong).

·    f. Fruit flavors: avocado green long-tasty, savory, somewhat soft, round green avocado tasty, savory, somewhat dry.

·    g. Diameter of fruit: avocado green 6.5-10 cm long (an average of 8 cm), avocado green circular 7.5 cm.

·    h. The length of fruit: avocado green from 11.5 to 18 cm long (average 14 cm), avocado green round 9 cm.

·    i. Results: Long green avocado 40-80 kg / tree / year (average 50 kg), avocado green round 20-60 kg / tree / year (an average of 30 kg).

2) Other varieties

Varieties of this group are avocado germplasm Installation Research and Technology Assessment, Tlekung, Malang. Some varieties of avocado are contained in the experimental garden Tlekung, Malang is a long red avocado, red round, dickson, butler, winslowson, Benik, puebla, furete, Collinson, waldin, Ganter, mexcola, duke, ryan, Leucadia, queen and edranol.

3. BENEFITS OF PLANTS

Parts of the avocado plant is widely used as food fruit fresh fruit. In addition the use of meat avocado common European society is used as a food ingredient that is processed in a variety of cuisines. Another benefit of the flesh of an avocado is a basic material for cosmetics.

Another part can be used is the young leaves as traditional medicine (medicine kidney stones, arthritis).

4. INVESTMENT CENTER

Avocado producing countries on a large scale is America (Florida, California, Hawaii), Australia, Cuba, Argentina, and South Africa. From year to
year-old American had an avocado orchard are constantly increasing.

In Indonesia, the plant avocado is still the garden plants, has not grown in scale farming. Avocado producing areas are West Java, East Java, parts of Sumatra, South Sulawesi and Nusa Tenggara.

5. TERMS OF GROWTH

5.1. Climate.

1.               Wind is required by avocado crop, especially for pollination process. However, the wind with a speed of 62.4 to 73.6 km / h may be able to break twigs and stems of plants belonging avocado soft, brittle and easily broken.

2.               The minimum rainfall for growth is 750-1000 mm / year. West Indies and cross-bred races thrive in the lowland
tropical climate with rainfall of 2500 mm / year. For areas with rainfall of less than the minimum requirement (2-6 dry months), avocado plants can still grow origin of ground water depth up to 2 m.

3.               The need sunlight for growth ranging from 40-80% avocado. Mexico and Guatemala to race more resistant to cold weather and climate
dry, when compared with the West Indies race.

4.               The optimal temperature for growth avocado ranged from 12.8 to 28.3 degrees C. Given the avocado plant can be grown in the lowlands to highlands
high, avocado plants can tolerate temperatures between 15-30 degrees C or more. The amount of the avocado crop cardinal temperature depends races respectively, among other races Mexico has a tolerance to -7 degrees C, Guatemala to -4.5 degrees C, and the West Indies to 2 degrees C.

5.2. Growing Media

1.               Avocado plant that grows optimally need loose soil, not easily flooded, (drainage / sewerage good), fertile and contains a lot of organic material.

2.               The type of soil is good for growing avocados is sandy loam type of soil (sandy loam), clay loam (clay loam) and clay sediment (alluvial loam).

3.               The acidity of the soil is good for growing avocados ranged from slightly acid to neutral pH (5.6 to 6.4). If the pH is below 5.5 will crop
suffer from poisoning because of the element of Al, Mg, and Fe dissolved in considerable amounts. Conversely at pH above 6.5 some functional elements such as Fe, Mg, and Zn is reduced.

5.3. Height Places

In general, avocado crops can be grown in the lowlands to highlands, ie 5-1500 m asl. However, these plants will thrive with satisfactory results at an altitude of 200-1000 m above sea level. For race avocado plant of Mexico and Guatemala more suitable to be planted in an area with an altitude of 1000-2000 m., While the West Indies race at an altitude 5-1000 m asl.

6. GUIDELINES FOR RAISING

6.1. Seeding

1) Requirements for Seeds

Good seed, among others, are derived from

a) The fruit that is quite old.

b) The fruit does not fall until rupture.

c) Procurement of more than one kind of seed to ensure the possibility of persarian crossed.

2) Preparation of Seeds

Until now only obtainable avocado seed generative (via seeds) and vegetative (grafting shoots / graft and connecting eye / grafting).
Of the three ways, the seeds obtained from the seeds of the plant are less profitable because the old fruiting (6-8 years) and there is the possibility that the fruit produced
different from the parent. While the results of grafting and graft seedlings faster fruiting (1-4 years) and the fruit has acquired properties
together with its parent.

3) Techniques Seeding Seed

a) Splicing shoots (graft)

The main tree is used for the graft is a plant that has been aged 6-7 months / can also 1-year-old, plants derived from seeds originating from the fruit that was old and cook, height 30 cm / less, and the vital tissue at the base not woody stems. As a branch of the limb joints used young and approximately 0.7 cm in diameter. The limb is cut sloping in accordance with the existing gap in the trees along the principal is more than 10 cm, and then inserted into the principal parts of a tree beside tied / wrapped. Good material for tying are rubber bands, plastic, raffia / waxy cloth. We recommend connecting the principal tree made ​​as low as possible so as not to be able buds on staple crops. Graft-graft which has been spliced ​​put in the shade, not windy, and humid. Every day the plant watered, and to prevent plant disease should be sprayed fungicide. In the dry season the white mite pests often attack, for it should be prevented by spray kelthane. Seedlings usually can be moved to the garden after the age of 9-16 months, and their removal is done at the start of the rainy season

b) Connection of the eye (grafting)

Making the grafting seedlings conducted on the base of the tree aged 8-10 months. As the eye to be grafted is taken from a healthy limb, with the age of 1 year, and his eyes were clear. The best time to stick to, namely when the bark is removed from the timber seedling. The trick is bark slashed staple length of 10 cm and a width of 8 mm. Skin is removed from the timber and pulled down and cut into 6 cm. Furthermore slashed an eye with a bit of wood from the branch eye (enthout), the wood is released slowly without damaging the eye. Leather-eyed inserted between the leather and wood that has slashed the principal trees and closed again, the eyes do not get shut records. Finally dressing entirely with plastic tape. If within 3-5 days eyes still green, the attachment successfully.

The next 10-15 days after attachment, plastic strap is opened. Principal tree trunks deep transverse cut off half its diameter, approximately 5-7.5 cm in
top grafting, then curved so that the growth of the eye can be faster. Once the rod is out of the eye reaches a height of 1 m, then the tree
curved staple is cut just above the grafting and wound flattened, then covered with paraffin that has been melted. This grafting trees
moved to the garden after the age of 8-12 months and the removal of the most good is at the beginning of the rainy season. In vegetative propagation to note is to maintain air humidity to remain higher (+ 80%) and the air temperature at the connecting point should not be too high (between 15-25 ° C). It also should not be done in the season of heavy rain and too much direct sunlight. Seeds in the form of a connection needs to be watered regularly and fertilized 2 weeks. Fertilization can simultaneously with the watering, ie by dissolving 1-1.5 g of urea / NPK into 1 liter of water. Foliar fertilizer can also be given with the recommended dose in the packaging. While the control of pests and diseases is done only when necessary.

6.2. Media Processing Plant

Land for avocado plants to do well; must be cleared of trees, shrubs, stumps crop marks, as well as stones
disturb. Furthermore, land in or ditraktor hoe, hoe and smooth 2-3 times. The execution of land should be done during the dry season so
later planting can be done at the beginning or during the rainy season.

6.3. Planting Techniques

1) Investment Patterns

Avocado planting patterns should be done in a combination of different variations. It is given that most varieties of avocado plant can not pollinate itself, but the long green varieties that have a flower type A. There are two types of flowers of some varieties of avocado in Indonesia, namely type A and type B. Varieties are classified as type A flower is green Long, green round, long red, red round, waldin, butler, benuk, dickinson, puebla, taft, and hass. While classified as type B is Collinson, itszamma, winslowsaon, fuerte, lyon, Nabal, Ganter, and queen. Cross pollination only occurs between the two types of flowers. Therefore, planting avocado in a land should be combined between varieties with flower type A and type B flowers so the flowers pollinate each other mutually.

2) Hole Making Plant

·    a) Soil excavated with a length, width, and height of 75 cm respectively. The hole left open for approximately 2 weeks.

·    b) Land for the top and bottom separated.

·    c) the planting hole is closed again with its original position. First upper soil mixed with 20 kg of manure before it is put into
in the hole.

·    d) the planting hole that has been closed again pegged to move given the location of the planting hole.

3) How Planting

Proper planting time is at the beginning of the rainy season and soil in the planting hole is no longer decreasing. The thing to note is the existing soil in the planting hole should be higher than the surrounding soil. This is to avoid water tergenangnya when watered or rained.

The steps of planting is as follows:

·    a) the planting hole is closed, dug again the size of the container seedlings.

·    b) Seeds are removed from the basket or polybags with slashed in order to remain intact soil clods.

·    c) Seed clumping along with land that is still included in the hole as high as the neck stem, then backfilled and tied to a stake.

·    d) Each seedling should be given shade to avoid direct sunlight, wind, and rain shower. The shade is made ​​oblique with a high portion in the east. This shade serves to grow new shoots or approximately 2-3 weeks.

6.4. Plant Maintenance

1) Weeding

Weeds grow around the plant because in that place there are many nutrients. In addition to a rival in obtaining food, weeds also
is the breeding of pests and diseases. Therefore, so that plants can grow well, the weeds must be weeded
(Repealed) regularly.

2) tilling the soil

Soil watered every day of course will be more dense and the air in it the less. As a result, the plant roots can not absorb freely
nutrient. To avoid this, the soil around the plants need digemburkan carefully so that the roots are not severed.

3) Watering

Newly planted seedlings need a lot of water, so watering should be done every day. The right time for watering is early morning / afternoon,
and if the rain does not need to be watered again.

4) Prune Plants

Pruning is only done on the branches that grow too tight or dead branches. Pruning is done carefully so that the wounds
former trimming spared from infectious diseases and pruning wounds should be given fungicide / cover wounds.

5) Fertilization

In the cultivation of avocado takes good fertilization program and regular. Given the avocado plant root system, especially the roots of his hair, only slightly less extensive and growing the fertilizer should be given rather frequently with small doses. The amount of fertilizer given depends on the age of the plant. When the annual fertilization program using urea (45% N), TSP (50% P), and KCl (60% K) then to plant a young age (1-4 years) given urea, TSP, and KCl respectively of 0 , from 27 to 1.1 kg / tree, 0.5-1 kg / tree and from 0.2 to .83 kg / tree. For crop production life (5 years) given urea, TSP, and KCl respectively of 2.22 to 3.55 kg / tree, 3.2 kg / tree, and 4 kg / tree. Fertilizer should be given four times a year.

Given the avocado plant has little root of the hair, then the fertilizer should be placed as close as possible to the roots. How to embed the fertilizer into the hole as deep as 30-40 cm, in which a hole is made ​​just below the edge of the plant canopy, encircling the plant.

7. PEST AND DISEASE

7.1. Hama on Leaf

1) Caterpillar kipat (Cricula trisfenestrata helf)

Feature: The body length of 6 cm, black patches of white and filled with white hair. Heads and tails bright red.

Symptoms: The leaves intact and there are no bite marks. In the great attack, the leaf is completely discharged but the plants will not die, and look cocoon hanging.

Control: Using insecticides containing the active ingredient monokrotofos or Sipermetein, eg Cymbush 50 EC at a dose of 1-3 cc / liter
or Azodrin 15 WSC at a dose of 2-3 cc / liter.

2) elephant butterfly caterpillar (Attacus atlas L.)

Feature: Butterfly wings can reach a size of 25 cm with a reddish-brown color and a triangular tansparan. Green caterpillar covered with white flour,
15 cm long and has a fleshy spines. Pupa contained in a brown cocoon.

Symptoms: Similar to kipat caterpillar attack symptoms, but no hanging cocoon but are among the leaves.

Control: Same as kipat worm eradication.

3) Aphis gossypii Glov / A. Cucumeris, A. cucurbitii / Aphis cotton.

Feature: dark green body color to black or brown kunig. These pests secrete honey dew which usually overgrown fungus that leaves black soot and ants arrive.

Symptoms: impaired plant growth. Violent attacks the plant will be stunted and twisted.

Control: Sprayed with insecticide active ingredient acephate / dimetoat, for example Orthene 75 SP at a dose of 0.5-0.8 grams / liter or Roxion 2 cc / liter.

4) Ticks white dompolan (Pseudococcus citri Risso) / Planococcus citri Risso

Feature: The shape of the elliptical body, yellowish brown to orange red, white flour covered, body size 3 mm, has a bulge at the edge of the body with a number of pairs 14-18 and the longest in the buttocks.

Symptoms: stunted plant growth and skinny. Young shoots, leaves, stems, flower stalks, stems fruit, and fruit are attacked will look pale, covered with a white mass, and gradually dry.

Control: Sprayed with insecticide containing the active ingredient FORMOTION, monokrotofos, dimetoat, or carbaryl. For example anthion 30 EC dose of 1-1.5 liters / ha, Sevin 85 S dose of 0.2% of the concentration of fomula.

5) red mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisd)

Feature: The body of the female mite crimson / red-brown, while the male mites yellowish green / red. There are a number of black spots, legs
and part of white mouth, body size of 0.5 mm.

Symptoms: The surface of mottled yellow leaves that later would turn into such a deep red rust. Under the leaf surface appears finely woven threads. Violent attacks causing leaves to wither and fall off.

Control: Sprayed with akarisida Kelthan MF dikofoldan containing active ingredients, with a dose of 0.6 to 1 liter / ha.

7.2. Pests on fruit

1) The fruit fly Dacus (Dacus dorsalis Hend.)

Feature: Body size 6-8 mm with a wingspan of 5-7 mm. Chest dark brown patches of yellow / white and light brown abdomen
dark brown ribbon. White larval stage when still young and yellow as an adult, the body length of 1 cm.

Symptoms: Visible black spots / bejolan on the surface of the fruit, which is a pest puncture and a place to lay eggs. The inside of the hollow and rotten fruit were eaten by the larvae.

Control: With citronella oil lures / bait protein malathion will turn off the flies that feed on them. Spraying insecticides can be done for example by Hostathion 40 EC which contain active triazofos dose of 2 cc / liter and the best course of action is to eliminate all the pieces are attacked or turn the soil so that the larvae exposed to the sun and die.

2) Flying-Fox (Cynopterus sp)

Feature: Body as a bat but smaller size fruit attacked at night.

Symptoms: There is a hollow part of the fruit bites. Fruit is attacked only the elderly, and the edible part is the flesh alone.

Control: Flying-Fox Capture using nets / frighten him using a windmill by a whistle that can cause noise.

7.3. Pests on Branch / Twig

1) Beetle powder branch (Xyleborus Coffeae WURTH / Xylosandrus morigerus Bldf).

Feature: Beetle who prefer the coffee plant is dark brown and measuring 1.5 mm. The larvae are white and 2 mm in length.

Symptoms: There is a hole that resembles a tunnel on a branch or twig. The tunnel can be greater so that food can not be tersalurakan to the leaves, then the leaves wither and eventually the dead branches or twigs.

Control: Branch / branches trimmed attacked and burned. It can also be sprayed with insecticide active ingredient acephate or diazinon are
contained in Orthene 75 SP with doses 0.5-0.8 grams / liter and Diazinon 60 EC dose of 1-2 cc / liter.

7.4. Diseases caused by Fungi

1) Antraknosa

Cause: The fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) SACC. Which has colored mycelium cokleat green to black and gray colored spores
orange.

Symptoms: The disease attacks all parts of the plant, except the roots. Infected part brown rust, then leaves, flowers, fruits / branch affected plants will fall.

Control: Pruning twigs and dead branches. Fruit research conducted somewhat early (already old but not yet ripe). It can also be sprayed with the fungicide maneb active ingredient as in Velimex 80 WP. This fungicide is given 2 weeks prior to plucking at a dose of 2-2.5 grams / liter.

2) The leaf spots or brown spots

Cause: Cercospora purpurea CKE. / Known also by Pseudocercospora purpurea (CKE). Derghton. This fungus dark and liked the place
humid.

Symptoms: patches of light brown with dark brown edges on the surface of leaves or fruits. When the weather is humid, brown spots turn into spots
gray. If allowed, the long run will be a hole that can be entered into other organisms.

Control: Spraying Masalgin 50 WP fungicide containing benomyl, at a dose of 1-2 grams / liter or can also by applying a slurry Bordeaux.

3) Root rot and stem cancer

Cause: The fungus Phytophthora living saprophyte in soil containing organic matter, like wet soils with poor drainage.

Symptoms: When the affected plants roots then growth becomes impaired, young shoots grew scarce. The most fatal consequence is the death of the tree. When the stems of plants are attacked it will seem discoloration of the skin at the base of the stem.

Control: drainage needs to be repaired, do not let stagnant water / to unload the affected plants and then replaced with new plants.

4) Rotten fruit

Cause: Botryodiplodia theobromae pat. This fungus attacks when there are injuries to the surface of the fruit.

Symptoms: The first attack was the tip of the fruit stalk with evidence of irregular brown spots, which then spread to the fruit. In the skin of the fruit will be small bumps arise.

Control: Apply porridge Bordeaux / spray Velimex 80 WP fungicide active ingredient Zineb, with a dose of 2-2.5 grams / liter.

8. HARVEST

8.1. Characteristics and Harvest

The characteristics of the fruit that was old but not yet ripe are:

·    a) dark skin color but not become brown / red and shiny;

·    b) when the fruit tapped with the back of the nail, causing a loud noise;

·    c) if the pieces rocking the baby, will be heard shaking seeds.

Determination of the rate of aging fruit requires its own experience. Should need to be observed when flowers bloom until six months later, because
avocado usually after 6-7 months old when flowers bloom. To be sure, it is necessary picked some fruit as an example. When the fruits examples
The cook well, a sign that the fruit was old and ready to be harvested.

8.2. How to Harvest

Generally avocado harvest is done manually, which is picked by hand. If the physical condition does not allow it to climb trees, the harvest can be helped by using the tool / pole by tangguk cloth / jute at the end / stairs. When harvested, the fruit must be picked / cut
together with a little fruit stalk (3-5 cm) to prevent bruises, wounds / infections in the section near the fruit stalk.

8.3. Harvest Period

Avocado usually experienced at the beginning of the flowering season the rainy season, and the dense fruiting season is usually in December, January, and February. In Indonesia the natural state suitable for planting avocado, harvest can take place every month.

8.4. Production Forecast

Production of avocado fruit on the trees which grow well and bear fruit may reach 70-80 kg / tree / year. Average production that can be expected from each tree is about 50 kg.

9. Postharvest

9.1. Washing

Laundering is intended to eliminate all kinds of dirt, thus simplifying the classification / sorting. How to wash depends on the dirt.

9.2. Sorting

Sorting fruit since they are at the farm level, with the aim of selecting the fruit of good and qualified, is expected fruit that has the following characteristics:

1.               No defects, rind should be smooth without spots.

2.               Quite old but not yet mature.

3.               Uniform fruit size. Usually used in a standard 1 kg consists of 3 pieces or a maximum weight of 400 g.

4.               Uniform fruit shape. Most orders are bell-shaped.

Fruits are much requested importers to foreign consumers is fruit yellow flesh of avocado butter without fiber. Meanwhile, to meet domestic needs, all of the terms was not too taken into account.

9.3. Ripening and Storage

The new avocado can be consumed when it is ripe. To achieve this level packaging takes around 7 days after the quotation (if fruits are picked at the moment is enough ketuaannya). When the grace period will be accelerated, the fruit must be cured first. For export purposes, it is not necessary because the curing time limit is adjusted to the length of travel to reach the destination. Avocado ripening way is still very modest. In general, simply by inserting fruit into burlap sacks, then the meeting ends tied. After the sack is placed in a dry and clean. Because avocados have a shelf life of only up to about 7 days (since picking up ready to eat), then if you want to slow down the shelf life can be done by storing them in a room temperature of 5 degrees C. In this way, shelf life can be slowed samapai 30-40 days.

9.4. Packaging and Transportation

Packaging is the container / place used to package a commodity. Packaging for the local market is different from that for export. For marketing in the country, avocado packed in plastic bags / baskets, and then transported by truck. While packing for export is different again, which generally use a cardboard box with a capacity of 5 kg avocado. Before being put into a cardboard box, wrapped in tissue paper avocado, then set sususannya with interspersed insulation made ​​from pieces of cardboard.

10. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CROP CULTIVATION

10.1 Analysis of Cultivation

Approximate analysis of the avocado plant cultivation with an area of 1 hectare of land for 10 years in West Java in 1999.

1) Cost of production

1.               Seedling grafting: 121 rods @ 10,000, - Rp. 1.21 million, -

2.               Fertilizer

o Manure 3 tons @ Rp. 150.000, - / ton USD. 450.000, -

o Urea

§ Year 1-4, 1936 kg @ Rp. 1.500, - USD. 2.904 million, -

§ Year 5-10, 9801 kg @ Rp. 1.500, - USD. 14.7015 million, -

o TSP

§ Year 1-4, 1936 kg @ Rp. 1.600, - USD. 3.0976 million, -

§ Year 5-10, 9317 kg @ Rp.1.600, - USD. 14.9072 million, -

o KCl

§ Year 1-4, 1694 kg @ Rp. 1.650, - USD. 2.7951 million, -

§ Year 5-10, 11 616 kg @ Rp. 1.650, - USD. 19.1664 million, -

o Pesticides and fungicides Rp. 240.000, -

3.               Equipment

o Hoe Rp. 70.000, -

o Sprayer Rp. 250.000, -

4.               Labor

o Piracy land and basic fertilizers (wholesale) Rp. 400.000, -

o Watering 15 HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 105.000, -

o Pruning 4 HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 28.000, -

o Making the planting hole 15 HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 105.000, -

o Planting 7 HOK @ RP. 7.000, - USD. 49.500, -

o Weeding 20 HOK / year @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 1.400.000, -

o Fertilization 10 HOK / year @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 700.000, -

o Plant protection 4HOK / year @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 280.000, -

5.               Harvest and post-harvest

o 4th year, 18 HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 126,000, -

o Year-to-5, 22 HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 154.000, -

o Tahunke-6, 35 HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 245,000, -

o Tahunke-7, 48 HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 336,000, -

o Year 8, 48 HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 336,000, -

o Year-to-9, 48 HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 336,000, -

o 10th year, 48HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 336,000, -

Total production costs in 10 years Rp. 64.8413 million, -

2) Revenue

1.               4th year, 3,300 kg @ Rp. 3.500, - USD. 11.55 million, -

2.               Year 5, 6,500 kg @ Rp. 3.500, - USD. 22.75 million, -

3.               6th year, 9,800 kg @ Rp. 3.500, - USD. 34.3 million, -

4.               7th year, 12,000 kg @ Rp. 3.500, - USD. 42,000,000, -

5.               8th year, 12,200 kg @ Rp. 3.500, - USD. 42.7 million, -

6.               9th year, 12,500 kg @ Rp. 3.500, - USD. 43.75 million, -

7.               10th year, 12,500 kg @ Rp. 3.500, - USD. 43.75 million, -

Jumlahpendapatan in 10 years Rp.240.800.000, -

3) Gain in 10 years Rp.175.958.700, -

Avocado plants derived from seed or grafting grafting will begin to bear fruit at the age of 4 years with a production of 3,300 kg / ha. This production will continue to grow until it reaches stability in year 7 (fourth harvest) with the amount of average production of 12,000 kg / ha. The new advantages can be obtained in the second harvest (year 5) and will be stable in the fourth harvest (7th year). However, the analysis does not include the cost of land lease.

10.2 Agribusiness Opportunity Overview

Although the advantages of avocado farming in Indonesia is not so can be felt because management is not intensive, but due to the rising demand
avocado crops from year to year increase. Avocado business prospects even brighter in connection with the opening of opportunities
market. But unfortunately there are still many areas which are untapped production center, so that trouble getting the fruit is still perceived by
traders, both in the local market as well as exporters.

Avocado is one type of highly nutritious fruit that is more and more in demand. It is evident from the many avocado demand in the market. For example, a wholesaler requires avocado 12-20 tonnes / week for retailers in Bogor. In addition to the local market, overseas markets also managed to penetrate. At first, only Singapore and the Netherlands, then follow Saudi Arabia, France and Brunei Darussalam. French imports in 1989 as much as 3790 kg with a value of US $ 379, and in 1990 increased to 5,749 kg with a value of 10 876 US $. The price situation at the farm level is relatively varied compared to the retail level. Price per kilogram at the farm level in the area of ​​Garut in 1991 ranged between Rp 200, - up to Rp 600, -. Seangkan at the retail level are usually more stable, and the price could reach USD 700, - to Rp 1.750, - / kg.

The existence of a considerable price difference is partly because at the retail level higher risk of damage.

11. STANDARD PRODUCTION

11.1. Scope

Standard production includes: quality requirements, quality testing method, sampling method and way of packaging.

11.2. Description

Adaalah avocado fruit apaokat plants (Persea Americana MILL) in a state quite old, intact, fresh and clean.

11.3. Classification and Quality Standards

Avocados are classified in three different sizes based on weight, namely:

1.               Avocados are great: 451-550 g / fruit

2.               Avocados were: 351-450 g / fruit

3.               Avocados small: 250-350 g / fruit

Whereas the quality requirements are as follows:

1.               The similarity of nature varieties: the quality I uniform; II uniform quality; organoleptic testing method

2.               The rate of aging: the quality I was old but not too ripe; II quality old but not too ripe; pengijian way organoleptic

3.               Form: normal quality I; II less normal quality; organoleptic testing method

4.               Violence: the quality I hard; II hard quality; means testing Appearance

5.               Size: quality I uniform; II less uniform quality; how to test SP-SMP-309-1981

6.               Damage (weight / weight): the quality I max 5%; Quality II 10%; how to test SP-SMP-310- 1981

7.               Foul (weight / weight): the quality I max 1%; Quality II 2%; how to test SP-SMP-311-1981

8.               Stools: first quality free; Quality II free; organoleptic testing method

11.5. Sampling

Each packaging sampled as much as 3 kg of top, middle and bottom. Examples are mixed uniformly without causing damage, then
divided by 4 and the two parts are taken diagonally. How this is done several times until it reached 3 kg sample to be analyzed.

1.               The amount of packaging in the party: 1 to 100, the minimum number of samples taken 5.

2.               The amount of packaging in the party: 101 to 300, the minimum number of samples taken 7.

3.               The amount of packaging in the party: 301 to 500, the minimum number of samples taken 9.

4.               The amount of packaging in the party: 501 to 1000, the minimum number of samples taken 10.

5.               The amount of packaging in the party: more than 1000, the minimum number of samples taken 15.

The sampling officer must qualify that person experienced / trained in advance and had ties with a legal entity.

11.6. Packaging

Avocado presented in the form of whole and fresh, packaged in a bamboo basket / other materials that conform with / without insulating material, covered with woven bamboo / other materials, then tied with a rope bamboo / other materials. Package contents do not exceed the surface of the packaging with a maximum net weight of 20 kg.

The outer packaging is labeled that said among other things: the name of the goods, class size, quality type, region of origin, the name / code of the company / exporters, heavy
net, the result of Indonesia and places / countries of destination.

12. REFERENCES

1.               Directorate of Reforestation and Rehabilitation (1978). "Guidelines for the planting of species of horticultural crops and grass". Jakarta: Directorate of Reforestation and
Rehabilitation, Department of Agriculture.

2.               Hodson, RW (1950). "The avocado a gift from the middle Americas". Economic Botany, (4) p. 253

3.               Indriani, Y. Hetty; Suminarsih, Emi (1997). "Avocado". Jakarta: Penebar Organization. 96 p.

4.               Kalie, Moehd. Baga (1997). "Avocados: cultivation and utilization". Yogyakarta: Canisius. 112 p.

5.               Lawrence, GHM (1951). "Taxonomy of vascular plants" New York: The Mac Millan Company. 512 p.

6.               Mardisiswojo, S .; Mangunsudarso, HR (1968). "Cabe puyang heritage" Volume III, Jakarta: Work Wreda. P. 24.

7.               Ochse, JJ (1931). "Early fruits Fruit culture in the Dutch East Indies". Batavia: G. Kolff and Co. 55 p.

8.               Ochse, JJ (1961). "Tropical and subtropicak agriculture". Vol. I. New York: The Mac Millan Company, 617 p.

9.               Palmer, DF (1937). "Avocado fertilization. Cal. Avocado Ass'n, 20 th ed., Coit, JE (ed.), Year Book, 235 p.

10.           Purseglove, JW (1974). "Tropical crops dicotyledons". London: Longman. 192 p.

11.           Rismunandar (1981). "Improving the environment by planting cashew nuts and avocado". Bandung: New Light 39 p.

12.           Sunaryo, H .; Rismunandar (1981). "Introduction of basic knowledge of horticulture". I. Bandung: New Light. 31 p.

13.           Supriyanto, Arry (1989). "Early grafting avocado seed." Poster, (Nov.) p. 192.

14.           Tohir, KA (1978). "Tropical agriculture. The climate, soils, cultural methods, crops, live stock, commercial importance and opportunities of tropics". New York: D. Appleton and company, 112 p.

15.           Wirasmanto (1971). "The use of avocado". Agriculture News (10) p. 19.

16.           Zentmeyer, GA (1953). "Diseases of the avocado". In: The year book of agriculture United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, p. 875 Jakarta, February 2000

Source: Management Information System Development in Rural Areas, BAPPENAS