Ginger Cultivation

1. A BRIEF HISTORY

Ginger Cultivation

Ginger is a medicinal plant in the form of quasi-trunked clump. Ginger comes from the Asia Pacific region which spread from India to China. Therefore, these two nations touted as the nation's first utilizing mainly as an ingredient drink ginger, spices and traditional medicines. Ginger is included in the tribe-finding (Zingiberaceae), a family with other findings such as Intersection buffoonery (Cucuma xanthorrizha), black meeting (Curcuma aeruginosa), turmeric (Curcuma domestica), kencur (Kaempferia galanga), galangal (Languas galanga ) etc. Among other regional names ginger ginger (Aceh), beeuing (Gayo), bahing (Batak Karo), sipodeh (Minangkabau), jahi (Lampung), ginger (Sunda), jae (Java and Bali), jhai (Madura), Melito ( Gorontalo), GERAKA (Ternate), etc.

2. DESCRIPTION OF PLANTS

2.1 Classification

• Division: Spermatophyta
• Sub-divisions: Angiospermae
• Class: Monocotyledoneae
• Order: zingiberales
• Family: Zingiberaceae
• Genus: Zingiber
• Species: Zingiber officinale

2.2 Description.

Terna trunked false, height 30 cm to 1 m, rhizome when cut yellow or orange. Narrow leaves, length 15-23 mm, width of 8-15 mm; petiole hairy, long 2-4 mm; aloe leaf elongated shape, length 7.5 to 10 mm, and not hairy; rather hairy sheath. Inflorescence a panicle protruding surface soil, round egg-shaped stick or narrow, 2.75 to 3 times the width, very sharp; panicle length from 3.5 to 5 cm, a width of 1.5 to 1.75 cm; barely hairy peduncle, 25 cm long, hairy rahis rare; scales on the handle are 5-7 pieces, lancet-shaped, adjacent or meetings, nearly hairless, length scales of 3-5 cm; patron leaves obovate circular, rounded at the ends, not fluffy, bright green, length 2.5 cm, width of 1 to 1.75 cm; corolla tubular 2 to 2.5 cm, strand rather narrow, sharp-shaped, yellow-green, length 1,5 - 2,5 mm, a width of 3 to 3.5 mm, lips purple, dark, mottled color yellowish white, length 12-15 mm; purple anthers, length 9 mm; pistil stalk 2

2.3 Types of Crops

Ginger can be divided into three types based on size, shape and color of the rhizome. Commonly known three varieties of ginger, namely:

1. Ginger white / yellow larger or also known as ginger or ginger rhino: Rimpangnya bigger and fatter, more bulging rhizome segments of the two other varieties. This type of ginger bias current is consumed both young and old old age, either as fresh ginger or ginger preparations.
2. Ginger white / yellow small or also called sunti ginger or ginger: ruasnya small, rather flat to slightly bulging. Ginger is always harvested after old age. Volatile oil content greater than ginger, so it feels more spicy, in addition to high fiber. Ginger is suitable for herbs, or to extract oleoresin and essential oil.
3. Red Ginger: Rhizome red and smaller than the small white ginger. just as little ginger, red ginger is always harvested after the old, and also contains the same essential oil with ginger small, making it suitable for herbs.

3. BENEFITS OF PLANTS

Ginger rhizome can be used as seasoning, giving aroma and flavor to foods such as bread, cakes, biscuits, confectionery and berbagai.minuman. Ginger can also be used in the drug industry, perfume, traditional herbal medicine industry, processed into pickled ginger, made ​​pickles, salad, bandrek, sekoteng and syrup. Today farmers use chilli ginger as a natural pesticide. In trading ginger sold in fresh form, dried, powdered ginger and preserved ginger. Besides, there is a ginger processed products such as: astiri and koresin oil obtained by distillation is useful as mixing ingredients in alcoholic beverages, ice cream, a mixture of sausage and others.

The benefits are pharmakologi among others, as a carminative (laxative fart), anti-vomiting, seizures relievers, anti-hardening of the blood vessels, sweat laxative, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and parasitic, anti-pyretic, anti-arthritic, and stimulates gastric juice and bile ,

4. INVESTMENT CENTER

There is in all of Indonesia, planted in the garden and in the yard. At this time ginger has been widely cultivated in Australia, Sri Lanka, China, Egypt, Greece, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan. Ginger from Jamaica has the highest quality, while India is the largest producer of ginger, ie more than 50% of the total world production of ginger.

5. TERMS OF GROWTH

1. Climate
1. Ginger plants require relatively high rainfall, which is between 2500-4000 mm / year.
2. At the age of 2.5 to 7 months or more ginger plants need sunlight. In other words ginger planting is done in the open so it gets sun all day.
3. The optimum air temperature for the cultivation of ginger between 20-35 ° C.
2. Growing Media
1. Ginger plants most suitable to be planted on arable land, fertile and humus.
2. Good soil texture is sandy loam, sandy clay and soil laterik.
3. Ginger plants can be grown on soil acidity (pH) of approximately 4.3 to 7.4. But the soil acidity (pH) optimum for ginger is 6.8 to 7.0.
3. Height Places
1. Ginger grows well in tropical and subtropical regions with altitude 0-2000 m asl ..
2. In Indonesia are generally planted at an altitude of 200-600 m above sea level.

6. GUIDELINES FOR RAISING

6.1. Seeding

1. Seed requirements: quality seeds are seeds that meet the quality requirements of genetic, physiological quality (high percentage growth), and physical quality. What is meant by physical quality of seeds that are free of pests and diseases. Therefore, the criteria that must be met include:
1. Seed material is taken directly from the garden (instead of the market).
2. Selected materials from plant seeds that are old (aged 9-10 months).
3. Similarly selected from healthy plants and rhizomes uninjured skin or blisters.
2. Seed Seeding Technique: For plant growth simultaneously or uniform, seedlings should not be planted immediately prior to germinate. The planting can be done with a wooden crate or bed.
1. Seeding in wooden crates: freshly harvested ginger rhizome is dried while (not dry), then stored around 1-1.5 months. The rhizomes break by hand where each piece has 3-5 buds and dried on 1 / 2-1 day. Further cuts will be seed is packed into sacks beranyaman rarely, and then dipped in a solution of fungicide and growth regulator about 1 minute, then drain. After it is put into wooden crates. Do the seeding with a wooden crate as follows: at the bottom of the wooden coffin will be placed seed layer, later on it was given or rice husk ash, and so on so that most of the ash or the rice husk. After 2-4 weeks, ginger seed has been sown.
2. Seeding on the bed: Create a simple seeding house measures 10 x 8 m to plant 1 ton (needs ginger 1 ha). The seeding in the house made ​​beds of hay as thick as 10 cm. Rhizomes will be arranged on beds of hay seed and straw were closed, and on it was given rhizomes and given straw anyway, and so on, so we get a 4-layer arrangement rhizome with the top in the form of straw. Treatment of seedlings in beds can be done by watering every day and occasionally sprayed with fungicide. After 2 weeks, usually rhizome sprout leaves. When the seeds sprout selected so as not to carry quality seed selection results rendah..Bibit it dipatah-break by hand and each piece has 3-5 buds and weighs 40-60 grams.
3. Preparation of Seeds: Before planting, the seedlings should be freed from the threat of the disease by means of seeds are put into sacks and dipped in a fungicide solution of approximately 8 hours. Then the seed is dried for 2-4 hours, then planted.

6.2. Media Processing Plant

1. Land Preparation: To obtain optimum yields should note the conditions that plants need to grow ginger. When the acidity of the soil that is not in accordance with the acidity of the soil that plants need ginger, then it should be increased or decreased acidity with lime.
2. Clearing: Treatment begins with the plowed soil depth of less than 30 cm in order to obtain loose soil conditions or crumb and clear the vegetation. After the land is left 2-4 weeks for toxic gases to evaporate and seedling diseases and pests will die in the sun. If at first soil tillage felt not too loose, then it can do the second tilling about 2-3 weeks before planting and also given a dose of manure 1500-2500 kg.
3. Formation of Beds: In areas that ugly soil and water conditions as well as to encegah occurrence of stagnant water, the soil should be processed into beds-size beds ith height of 20-30 cm, a width of 80-100 cm, while anjangnya adapted to land conditions.
4. Liming: In soil with a low pH, most of the nutrients in it, especially phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) are not available or difficult to absorb. This acidic soil conditions may be media development some disease-causing fungus Fusarium and Pythium sp sp. Liming also serves to add the element potassium indispensable plants to harden the woody parts of plants, stimulating the formation of root hairs, strengthens the cell walls of fruits and stimulate the formation of seeds.
1. The degree of acidity <4 (the most acidic): needs dolomite> 10 ton / ha.
2. 5 acidity (acid): dolomite needs 5.5 tons / ha.
3. The degree of acidity 6 (slightly acidic): dolomite needs 0.8 tons / ha.

6.3. Planting techniques.

1. Pattern Determination Plants: ginger cultivation in monoculture in a particular area is considered quite rational, because it can provide high-production and production. But in the area, cultivation of ginger in monoculture less acceptable because it always result in losses. Planting ginger intercropped with other crops have the following advantages:
1. Reducing losses caused by price fluctuations.
2. Reduce the cost of labor, such as: power plant maintenance work.
3. Improve land productivity.
4. Improved physical properties and preserved land due to low growth of weeds (weeds). Practice in the field, there is ginger intercropped with vegetables, such as cucumbers, onion, chili, beans and others. There also are intercropped with food crops, such as corn, peanuts and some other nuts.
2. Pembutan Hole Planting: To avoid the ugly ginger growth, because groundwater conditions are bad, then it should be processed into a seedbed soil-beds. Next create small holes or grooves 3 to 7.5 cm deep to plant seeds.
3. Planting: How planting is done by attaching seed rhizomes in fall into the planting hole or groove that had been prepared.
4. Planting period: Planting ginger should be done at the beginning of the rainy season around September and October. This is possible because the young plants will need enough water for growth.

6.4. Plant Maintenance

1. Stitching: Approximately 2-3 weeks after planting, should be held to see dead rhizomes. If so should be implemented immediately in order to seed growth embroidery stitching was not far behind with other plants, it should have been a good seed rhizomes as well as proper maintenance.
2. Weeding: Weeding is done when the plant first 2-4 weeks old ginger followed 3-6 weeks later. Depending on the condition of weeds that grow. But after a 6-7 month old ginger, you should not need to do weeding again, because at that age rimpangnya started great ..
3. Pembubunan: Ginger Plants need soil air circulation and water can run well, then the ground should digemburkan. Besides, the goal pembubunan to hoard ginger rhizome that sometimes appeared on the surface of the ground. If the ginger plant is young, thin enough hoeing soil around the clump with a distance of approximately 30 cm. In the following month can be deepened and widened each time pembubunan gubidan be shaped and formed at the same irrigation system that serves to channel the excess water. Pembumbunan first performed at the time of the ginger plant-shaped clumps consisting of 3-4 pseudo stem, generally pembubunan done 2-3 times during the life of the ginger plant. However, depending on the soil conditions and the amount of rain.
4. Fertilization:
1. Organic Fertilization: In organic farming does not use chemicals, including fertilizers and drugs, then the organic fertilizer by using organic compost or manure performed more frequently compared to when we use artificial fertilizers. The organic compost fertilizer is carried out in the early planting during the making of the ridges as basal fertilizer as much as 60-80 tonnes per hectare are stocked and mixed land preparations. To save the use of compost can also be done by way of filling each planting hole early in the planting of 0.5 - 1kg per plant. Inserts fertilizer is then performed at the age of 2-3 months, 4-6 months and 8-10 months. The dose of fertilizer inserts as much as 2-3 kg per plant. Giving compost is usually done after weeding activities and in conjunction with activities pembubunan.
2. Conventional fertilization: In addition to the basic fertilizer (in the early planting), ginger plants need to be given a second supplementary fertilizers (at 2-4 months old plants). Basic fertilizers used are organic fertilizers 15-20 tons / ha. Fertilization second stage used manure and artificial fertilizer (urea 20 grams / tree; TSP 10 grams / tree; and ZK 10 grams / tree), and K2O (112 kg / ha) in 4-month-old plants. Fertilization is also done with nitrogen fertilizer (60 kg / ha), P2O5 (50 kg / ha), and K2O (75 kg / ha). P fertilizer is given at the beginning of planting, fertilizer N and K are given at the beginning of the planting (1/3 dose) and the rest (2/3 dose) given at the time the plants are 2 months old and 4 months. Fertilizer is given to spread evenly around the plant or in the form of a groove and planted on the sidelines of the plant.
5. Irrigation and Watering: Ginger Plants do not require too much water to grow, but at the beginning of the planting season planting cultivated at the beginning of the rainy season around September;
6. Pesticide Spraying Time: Pesticide spraying should be done from the time the storage of seeds for sowing and during maintenance. Spraying pesticides on the maintenance phase is usually mixed with a liquid organic fertilizer or vitamins that promote the growth of ginger.

7. PEST AND DISEASE

7.1. Pest

Pest found in ginger plants are:

1. Ladybug, attacking the leaves of plants until holes.
2. Caterpillar bow root, ginger attack plant roots, causing the plant to become dry and dead ginger.
3. Beetles.

7.2. Disease

1. Bakeries wilt disease
• Symptoms: At first, the bottom of the leaf blade folding and rolling then the color changes from green to yellow and dry up. Then shoots the stem to rot and eventually the plant will die. When observed, the sick rhizome dark and slightly decomposed, if the rhizomes will cut out the mucus is creamy white to brownish. This disease attacks the ginger plant at the age of 3-4 months and the most influential factor is the cold air temperature, waterlogging and soil conditions are too humid.
• Control:
• ginger seed health insurance;
• ginger plant quarantine disease;
• control with good ground processing;
• control fungicide Dithane M-45 (0.25%), Bavistin (0.25%)
2. Rhizome rot disease
• The disease can go into seed through his ginger rhizome. He will grow well at temperatures 20-25 degrees C and continue to grow eventually cause the rhizomes to rot.
• Symptoms: Leaves the bottom that turn yellow and wither and the plant eventually dies.
• Control :.
• use of healthy seedlings;
• the application of good cropping patterns;
• the use of fungicides.
3. Leaf spot disease
• This disease can be transmitted with the help of the wind, will enter through cuts or no cuts.
• Symptoms: On leaves patches of 3-5 mm size, then the patches were gray in the center, there are black spots, while the edges of wet rot. The affected plants may die.
• Control: either spraying precautions and leaf spot diseases as well as the ways described above.

7.3. Weeds

Potential weeds in cropping buffoonery is weed the garden include sedges, reeds, ageratum, and other broadleaf weeds.

7.4. Control of pests / diseases organically

In organic farming does not use hazardous chemicals but rather with the materials that are environmentally friendly are usually carried out in an integrated manner from the beginning of planting to avoid pest and the disease known as IPM (Integrated Pest Management) whose components are as follows:

1. Ensuring a healthy plant growth, namely choosing a healthy seed free of pests and diseases and pests resistant to attack from the very start cropping
2. Utilizing as much as possible natural enemies
3. Use of improved varieties that are resistant to pests and diseases.
4. Using physical control / mechanical namely by human power.
5. Using the techniques of cultivating a good example by choosing intercropping cultivation of plants that support each other, as well as crop rotation in each cropping period to break the cycle of potential spread of pests and diseases.
6. The use of pesticides, insecticides, herbicides environmentally friendly natural and does not cause toxic residues both on ma harvested plant material as well as on land. Besides, the use of this material only in emergencies based on economic damage levels were obtained from observations.

Some plants that can be used as a pesticide plant and used in pest control, among others, are :.

1. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) that contains nicotine to contact insecticide as a fumigant or stomach poison. Applications for such small insects Aphids.
2. Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) containing pyrethrin, which can be used as a systemic insecticide that attacks the nerve center of the application with spray. Applications on insects such as houseflies, mosquitoes, ticks, warehouse pests, and fruit flies.
3. Tuba (Derris elliptica and Derris malaccensis) containing rotenone to contact insecticide formulated in the form of gusts and
   spray.
4. Neem tree or neem (Azadirachta indica) containing azadirachtin that works quite selective. Applications are particularly toxic to insects such as leafhoppers and insect pests chewers like leaf rollers (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis). This material is also effective to overcome the virus attacks the RSV, GSV and Tungro.
5. Jicama (Pachyrrhizus erosus) whose seeds contain rotenoid that pakhirizida that can be used as insecticides and larvicides.
6. Jeringau (Acorus Calamus), which contains the main components asaron rhizomes and is usually used to poison insects and fungi exterminator and pest Callosobrocus warehouse.

8. HARVEST

1. Characteristics and Harvest: Harvesting is done depends on the use of ginger itself. When the need for food seasonings, then the ginger plants can be planted at the age of approximately 4 months by breaking some of the rhizome and the rest is left up to parents. If the ginger to be marketed, the ginger is harvested after quite old. Age ginger plant that can be harvested between 10-12 months, with the characteristics of the leaves change color from green to yellow and the stems all dried up. Eg elephant ginger plants will dry at the age of 8 months and will last for 15 days or more.
2. How to Harvest: How a good harvest, the soil carefully unloaded using a fork or hoe, sought not to hurt the ginger rhizome. Furthermore, soil and other debris attached to the rhizomes are cleaned and washed when necessary. After it dried ginger on the board or banana leaves for about 1 week. Storage areas should be open, not humid and not too high accumulation but rather dispersed.
3. Harvest period. : The time of harvest should be done before the rainy season, which is between the months of June to August. When the harvest is usually marked with the top soil dries. However, if it is not time to be harvested during the dry season the first year of this should be done in the dry season next year. Harvesting during the rainy season caused damage to the rhizome and rhizome with respect to the low quality active ingredients as more water content.
4. Estimated Yield: Production of clones of fresh ginger rhizome elephants ranged between 15-25 tonnes / hectare, while for clones sunti ginger or ginger ranged between 10-15 tonnes / hectare.

9. Postharvest

1. Wet Sorting and Washing: Sorting on fresh ingredients made ​​to separate the rhizomes of impurities such as soil, crop residues and weeds. Once completed, weigh the amount of material sorting results and place it in a plastic container for washing. Washing is done with clean water, if necessary sprayed with high pressure water. Bilasannya water and if it still looks dirty doing rinsing once or twice again. Avoid washing too long so that the quality and the active compound contained in insoluble in water. Use of river water should be avoided because they feared had been polluted by sewage and a lot of bacteria / disease. After washing is completed, drain the tray / container belubang-holes that are lagging behind the rest of the washing water can be separated, after it was placed in a plastic container / bucket.
2. Perajangan: If necessary perajangan process, done with stainless steel blade and cover material will be shredded with a cutting board. Perajangan rhizome is done across a thickness of about 5 mm - 7 mm. After perajangan, weigh the results and put it in a plastic container / bucket. Perajangan can be done manually or with the mower.
3. Drying: Drying can be done in two ways, namely by sunlight or a heater / oven. drying the rhizomes do for 3-5 days, or after the water level is below 8%. sun dried and done on a mat or frame dryer, make sure the rhizomes are not overlapped. During the drying must be inverted approximately every 4 hours so that drying evenly. Protect the rhizome of the water, moist air and from the surrounding material that could mengkontaminasi..Pengeringan done in the oven at 50 ° C - 60 ° C. The dried rhizome be placed on an oven tray and make sure that the rhizomes are not mutually accumulate. After drying, weigh the amount of produced rhizome
4. Dry sorting.: Further sorting is done on dry material that has been dried by separating the materials from foreign objects such as gravel, soil or other impurities. Weigh the amount of rhizome of this sorting results (for calculating the yield).
5. Packaging: Once clean, dry rhizomes collected in plastic bags or sacks containers clean and airtight (has never been used before). Give a clear label on the container, which explains the name of the material, part of the plant material, the number / production code, the name / address of the producer, net weight and storage methods.
6. Storage: The condition of the warehouse should be kept damp and the temperature did not exceed 30 ° C and the warehouse should have good ventilation and smooth, not leaking, to avoid contamination of other materials that degrade the quality of the material is concerned, have adequate lighting (avoid direct sunlight ), as well as clean and free of pests warehouse.

10.ANALISIS RAISING ECONOMIC PLANTS

10.1. Analysis of Cultivation

Approximate analysis ginger cultivation area of 1 ha; by the farmers in 1999 in Bogor.

1. Production cost
1. Seed: 2,000 pcs @ Rp. 1,700, - = Rp. 3,400,000, -
2. Fertilizer
• Fertilizers:
• Urea 165 kg @ Rp. 1.100, = Rp. 181 500, -
• TSP 160 kg @ Rp. 1800, - = Rp. 288,000, -
• KCl 160 kg @ Rp. 1,600, - = Rp. 256,000, -
• Manure 3,000 kg @ Rp. 150, - = Rp. 750.000, -
3. Drug 20 kg @ Rp. 15.000, - USD. 300.000, -
4. Tools Rp. 180,000,
5. Materials (mulch) 20,000 m @ Rp. 150, - USD. 3.000.000, -
6. OH Rp 200 workforce. 2.000.000, -
7. Other costs Rp. 1.000.000, -
• Total production cost Rp. 11.3555 million, -.

2. Acceptance: 10,000 bh @ 1.500, - = Rp. 15.000.000, -
3. Advantages of farming Rp. 3.6445 million, -
4. Parameter feasibility: a. B / C ratio = 1.321

10.2. Agribusiness Opportunity Overview

Currently demand for ginger by the importing country continues to increase, but not all of these requests can be met considering the production of ginger is still absorbed by domestic demand. In terms of prices, from 1991 to the present price fluctuations wet or dry ginger may be said to be stable. Viewed in terms of demand, price stability and the domestic production of agro prosepek ginger ginger is very bright.

11.STANDAR PRODUCTION

1. Scope: The standard includes the type and quality standards, the way sampling and packaging requirements.
2. Description: Standard quality ginger in Indonesia listed in the Indonesian National Standard SNI 01-3179-1992.
3. Classification and Quality Standards: Ginger is classified into 3 types of quality, namely: the quality I, II, III.
1. Common Terms
1. Freshness ginger: fresh
2. Rhizome sprout: none
3. The cross sectional appearance: sunny
4. Form rhizomes: intact
5. Insect life: free
2. Special Conditions
1. Weight Size:
• quality I> 250 grams / rhizome;
• Quality II 150-249 grams / rhizome;
• Quality III listed according to the analysis of <10%.
2. Rhizome peeling skin (rhizome / total rhizomes):
• quality I = 0%;
• Quality II = 0% ;. quality § III <10%.
3. Foreign object:
• quality I = 0%;
• Quality II = 0%;
• Quality III <3%
4. Berkapang rhizome (rhizome / total rhizomes):
• quality I = 0%;
• Quality II = 0%;
• Quality III <10%

To get this type of ginger in accordance with quality standard testing, which includes:

1. Determination of foreign objects
1. Weigh a number of examples that weighed between 100-200 grams.
2. Separate items that will be determined percentage of weight and was transferred to a watch glass that has been calibrated.
3. Watch glass with a foreign object was weighed on the analytical balance.
4. A second difference is showing the amount of foreign materials in the sample being tested.
2. Determination of fiber content
1. Drain approximately 5 gram sample for testing in an electric air oven 105 + ~1 degrees C, until the weight remains.
2. Weigh carefully approximately 2.5 grams of material that has been dried it into a thimble
3. extract the petroleum ether (boiling point 40-60 degrees C) for approximately 1 hour using a soxhlet apparatus.
4. Move the material that has been free of the fat into a flask with a capacity of 1 liter.
5. Take 200 ml of dilute sulfuric acid, put in a glass cup, boiling acid didihkanlaah all that into the pumpkin which already contains fat-free ingredients mentioned above.
6. Saturate it with cold pumpkin immediately behind by flowing water, and the Heat such that the boiling flask after one minute.
7. Shake-shake flasks rather frequently while avoiding tertinggalnya material on the walls of the flask that is not in contact with the acid.
8. Continue boiling for exactly 30 minutes.
9. Tanggalkanlah pumpkin and strain through a fine cloth (about 18 fibers per centimeter) are placed in a filter funnel and wash with boiling water until the laundry is no longer acidic to litmus.
10. Didihkanlah a solution of sodium hydroxide using cooling behind and didihkanlah for exactly 30 minutes.
11. Pumpkin Tanggalkanlah and filter immediately with filter cloth.
12. Wash well with IAR residum boiling and Move it into gooch crucible which contains a compact thin layer of asbestos that has been dipijarkan.
13. Wash the residue with either first with hot water and then with about 15 ml of ethyl alcohol 95%.
14. Dry the Crucible Gooch dan.isinya at 105 + ~ 1 ° C in air oven until the weight remains.
15. Cool and weigh.
16. Pijarkan Gooch crucible on the 600+ ~20 degrees C in a high temperature furnace until all material containing carbon is burned.
17. Dinginkanlah Gooch crucible containing the ash in eksikator and weigh.
3. The determination of the oil content
1. Weigh carefully, close to 1 gram, approximately 35-40 grams of samples that have been cut into small pieces before it is inserted into the boiling flask.
2. Add water until the entire sample is immersed and also add to it some boiling stones.
3. Sambunglah boiling flask with a tool "Dean-Stark" so it can be used to work the Heat the distillation and the boiling flask and its contents.

Distillation was stopped when no longer beads dripping oil together water or when the volume of oil in the reservoir has not changed in some time. Usually this distillation takes approximately 6 hours. Soak container and its contents into the water so that the liquid therein reaches room temperature and measure the volume of oil being stored.

11.4. Sampling

1. Sampling: From the amount of packaging in one party ready to export fresh ginger taken a number of random packing as below, with a maximum weight of 20 tons each party.
1. For a 1-100 number in party packs, samples taken 5.
2. For the amount of packaging in the party 101-300, the samples taken is 7
3. For the amount of packaging in the party 301-500, the samples taken is 9
4. For the amount of packaging in the party 501-1000, samples taken is 10
5. For the amount of packaging in the party over 1000, a minimum of 15 samples taken.
6. Packaging has been taken, poured its contents, then drawn at random as much as 10 rhizomes of each package as an example. Especially for packaging fresh ginger weight of 10 kg or less, then the samples taken by 5 rhizomes. Examples that have been taken and then tested to determine its quality.
2. Officers sampling: The sampling officer must qualify are those who have experienced or trained in advance and had ties with a legal entity.

11.5. Packaging

Fresh ginger rhizome is presented in the form of intact, packed with strong plastic mesh, with a maximum weight of 15 kg per package, or packed with bamboo basket with a weight corresponding agreement between the seller and the buyer. The outside of each package is written, with a material that does not fade, clearly legible, among others:

• Products from Indonesia
• Name / code of the company / Exporter
• Name of goods
• Country of destination
• Gross weight
• Net weight
• Name buyers

12.DAFTAR LITERATURE

1. Anonymous. 1994. Research in the Context of Pesticides Vegetable. Proceedings of the Seminar in Bogor 1 to 2 December 1993. The Research Institute for Spices and Medicinal Plants. Bogor. 311 Page.
2. Anonymous. 1989. Natural Medicinal Materials Vademekum. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Jakarta. 411 Page.
3. Anonymous, Know Your Prospect Cultivation a
   
   
   
   
   nd Ginger Ginger, Daar El-Arctic Cooperation, Jakarta, 1999
4. ----------, Ginger Exports hit season, Agribusiness Info Trubus, Number. 335 Page. 32, June 1999
5. ----------, Agribusiness Investment Commodities Food Crops and Horticulture, Canisius, Yogyakarta, 1999
6. Paimin, FB. Aquaculture, Processing, Trade Ginger, Penebar Organization, Jakarta, 1999
7. Koswara, S. Ginger and processed products, Pustaka Sinar Harapan, Jakarta, 1995
8. Santoso, HB. Elephant ginger, Canisius, Yogyakarta, 1994
9. Yoganingrum, A.Paket Information Technology and Post Harvest Aquaculture, Documentation and Information Centre of Scientific-LIPI, Jakarta, 1999
10. Paimin FB, Murhananto, Ginger Cultivation Trade Processing, Penebar Organization, Jakarta, 1998

    

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