cultivation of jasmine

1. A BRIEF HISTORY

Jasmine is a flower plant ornamental shrubs such as chronic trunked upright living. The Italian jasmine casablanca (Jasmine officinalle), the so-called Jasmine Spansish planted in 1692 to be made perfume. In 1665 in England cultivated white jasmine (J. sambac) which was introduced by Duke Casimo de 'Meici. In 1919 discovered jasmine J. parkeri in India Northwest region, then cultivated in England in 1923. In Indonesia, jasmine name recognized by the people throughout the archipelago. The names of the region's budget is menuh (Bali), Meulu cut or Meulu China (Aceh), Menyuru (Banda), jasmine (Gayo and Batak Karo), Manduru (Manado), Mundu (Bima and Sumbawa) and Manyora (East) , as well as Malete (Madura).

2. TYPES OF PLANTS

Among the 200 species of jasmine which have been identified by botanists only about 9 types of jasmine are commonly cultivated and there are 8 types of jasmine potential to be used as ornamental plants. Most types of jasmine grows wild in the forests because they have not revealed the potential economic and social. Jasmine plants include jasmine-melatian tribe or family Oleaceae. The position of the jasmine plant systematics / taxonomy of plants is as follows:

Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Spermatophyta
Subdivision: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Oleales
Family: Oleaceae
Genus: Jasminum
Species: Jasminum sambac (L) W. Ait ..

Types, varieties and essential features (characteristics) jasmine plants are as follows:

Jasmine sambac Air (white jasmine, flower of the nation)
Andr multiflora Jasmine (Jasmine forest: jasmine gambier, poncosudo, Star Jasmine, J ,. pubescens willd).
Jasmine officinale (jasmine casablanca, Spanish Jasmine) is synonymous with J. floribundum = Jasmine grandiflorum). shrubs as high as 1, 5 meters.
Rex Jasmine (Jasmine King, King Jasmine).
Jasmine parkeri Dunn (jasmine pot).
Mensyi Jasmine (Jasmine primulinum, jasmine pimrose).
Sims revolutum Jasmine (jasmine Italy)
Simplicifolium Jasmine (Jasmine Australia, J. volibile, m. Star)
Melati hybrid. Pink and fragrant flowers.

The type and varietes Melati in the island of Java, among others:

Jasmine. Sambac (White jasmine), among other varieties: Maid of Orleans, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Menur and Rose Pikeke
Jasmine. multiflorum (Star Jasmine)
Jasmine officinale (jasmine Gambir)

3. BENEFITS OF PLANTS

Useful as a jasmine flower sow, industrial materials perfume, cosmetics, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, decorate wreaths and mix ingredients or fragrances tea.

4. INVESTMENT CENTER

The deployment of the Central Indonesian jasmine plants are concentrated in Central Java, especially in Pemalang, Purbalingga and Tegal.

5. TERMS OF GROWTH

5.1. Climate

Rainfall of 112-119 mm / month with 6-9 days of rain / month, and has a dry climate with a 2-3 month and 5-6 month wet.
Air temperature 28-36 degrees C during the day and night temperatures of 24-30 degrees C,
Air humidity (RH) is suitable for the cultivation of these plants 50-80%.
Besides the development of the most suitable jasmine cultivation in areas that receive enough sunlight.

5.2. Growing Media

Jasmine plant generally thrives on soil type Red Yellow Podzolic (PMK), latosol and andosol.
Jasmine plants need soil that is textured sand to clay, aeration and good drainage, fertile, friable, contains a lot of organic matter and has.
The degree of acidity of the soil is good for growing these plants is pH = 5-7.

5.3. Height Places

Jasmine plants can grow and produce well in the lowlands to the highlands at an altitude of 10-1600 m asl. However, each type of jasmine has its own adaptability to the environment grows. White jasmine (J, sambac) ideal planted in the lowlands to an altitude of 600 m above sea level, while Jasmine Star Jasmine (J.multiflorum) can adapt well to a height of 1,600 m above sea level. The production center jasmine, like in Tegal, Purbalingga and Pemalang (Central Java), jasmine grows well in the lowlands to highlands medium (0-700 m asl).

6. GUIDELINES FOR RAISING

6.1. Seeding

Seed Seeding Technique: Plug each seedling cuttings in the medium 10-15 cm / one-third of the length of the cuttings. Close the container surface seedbed with clear plastic sheet (transparent) in order to keep the air moist.
Maintenance Nurseries / Seeding

Turndown seedlings:

Prepare a place / container seedling pots in the form of large / polybag, medium nursery (a mixture of soil, sand sterile / clean).
Check the bottom of the container seedlings and give a small hole for the disposal of excess water.
Fill a medium nursery into the container until quite full / 20-30 cm thick. Flush medium nursery with clean water to wet.

Maintenance seedlings cuttings:

Perform continuous watering 1-2 times a day.
Keep the cuttings seed gets morning sun.
Move the plant cuttings that have rooted seedlings are strong enough (age 1-23 months) into a polybag containing medium to grow a mixture of soil, sand and organic fertilizers (1: 1: 1).
Maintain intensive jasmine seedlings (watering, fertilizing and spraying pesticides low dose) up to 3 months old seedlings.

6.2. Media Processing Plant

Clearing

Clean locations for jasmine gardens of weeds (weeds), useless trees / rocks for easy management of the land.
Tillage with the way in hoe / plowed 30-40 cm until crumbly, then let it air dry for 15 days

The pile formation: Forming the beds as wide as 100-120 cm, height 30-40 cm, the distance between the beds 40-60 cm long and adapted to land conditions.
Calcification: soil acidic pH can be corrected by liming, for example with lime calcite (CaCO3) dolomite {CaMg (CO3) 2}, lime burns (Quick lime, CaO) / lime hydrate (Slakked lime, {Ca (OH) 2 }. The function / usability liming acid soils is to raise the pH of the soil, as well as to add the elements Ca and Mg.
Fertilization: Spread manure on the surface of the soil, and mix evenly with topsoil. Manure inserted in each planting hole as much as 1-3 kg. Dose manure ranges between 10-30 tons / ha. Planting holes made size 40 x 40 x 40 cm with the distance between holes 100-150 cm. Land preparation should be done in the dry season / 1-2 months before the rainy season.

6.3. Planting Techniques

Determination of Planting Pattern: A month before planting, seeds adapted jasmine used around the garden. Garden soil ready for planting were given basic fertilizer consists of 3 grams TSP plus 2 grams of KCl per plant. When each hectare of land, there are about 60,000 planting holes (spacing of 1.0 mx 1.5 m), the need for basic fertilizer consists of 180 kg and 120 kg TSP KCI. Together basic fertilizer can be added "pembenah and stabilizing soil" for example Agrovit, Stratos / acid humus Gro-Mate
Hole Making Plant: jasmine in a polybag seedlings watered growing medium and roots. Each hole planting a seed planted jasmine. The ground near the base of the stems of seedlings jasmine solidified slowly so their roots in direct contact with groundwater.
Planting: Plant spacing can be varied, depending on the shape of the culture of cultivation, soil fertility and types of jasmine planted, plantation culture forms a spacing generally is 1 x 1.5 m, while other variations are 40 x 40 cm, 40 x 25 cm and 100 x 40 cm.

6.4. Plant Maintenance

Spacing and Stitching. : How stitching is to replace dead plants / plant abnormal with new seedlings. Stitching techniques governance principle the same as planting, only performed at locations / block / seed planting hole needs to be replaced. Replanting period should be no more than one month after planting. Stitching early as possible in order not to complicate maintenance aims next planting and growth of crops becomes uniform. Time replanting should be done in the morning / afternoon, when the sun is not too hot and the air temperature is not too hot.
Weeding: At the age of one month after planting, jasmine gardens often overgrown with weeds (weeds). These weeds become a competitor in the jasmine plant fulfillment of sunlight, water and nutrients.
Fertilization: Fertilization jasmine plants performed every three months. The type and dosage of fertilizer applied consisted of 300-700 kg Urea, STP KCI 300-500 kg and 100-300 kg / ha / year. Fertilizer application can be done by distributed evenly in the ditch between the rows of plants / plant canopy around 10-15 cm deep, then covered with soil. Fertilization can also be a way to enter the fertilizer into the drill hole around the plant canopy of jasmine. The time of fertilization is before pruning, flowering time, according to the current crop of flowers and less vibrant growth. Provision of fertilizer to increase production of jasmine, especially the type of fertilizer rich in phosphorus (P), such as Gandasil B (6-20-30) / Hyponex blue (10-40-15) and a foliar fertilizer spraying done in the morning (09.00 ) or afternoon (15:30 to 16:30 o'clock) or when the sun is not scorching sting.
Irrigation and Watering: In the early phases of growth, jasmine plants require adequate water availability. Watering should continuously every day until the plants was about 1 month. Watering is done 1-2 times a day ie in the morning and evening. Watering way is to clean iar watered each plant until the soil around the roots was quite wet.
Pesticide Spraying Time: Sensitiser / Growth regulators (PGR) can be used to maintain and improve the production of flowers, flower stimulating substances that influence both the flowering jasmine is Cycocel (Chloromiguat) and Etherel. The jasmine plant with a spray of 5,000 ppm concentrate Cycocel provide the highest interest result, which is 1.45 kg / plant. The way of administration: aphrodisiac flowers sprayed on all parts of the plant, especially the ends and flowering shoots. Recommended concentration of 3,000 ppm-5,000 ppm for Cycocel or 500-1500 ppm when used Ethrel.
Other: Plants generally grow jasmine creeper, except in some types of jasmine, such as varieties of the Grand Duke of Tuscany that type of growth is upright. High pruning is very dependent on the type of jasmine, white jasmine type (J.sambac) can be in the barbershop at a height of 75 cm from ground level, while the type of Spnish Jasmine jasmine (J. officinale var. Grandiflorum) as high as 90 cm from ground level.

7. PEST AND DISEASE

Jasmine plants do not escape from pests and diseases, basic principles and priority pest control technology / disease.

Biological control is done optimally by utilizing natural enemies of pests (parasitoids, perdator, pathogens) by:

enter, maintain, multiply, releasing natural enemies
reduce the use of synthetic organic pesticides wide spectrum / use selective pesticides.

Agricultural ecosystems are managed by:

the use of healthy seedlings
garden sanitation
balanced fertilization
Good crop rotation
the use of trap crops,

Pesticides used selectively based on the results of monitoring and analysis of ecosystem.

7.1. Pest

Palpita caterpillar (Palpita unionalis Hubn):

These pests include the order Lepidoptera and family Pyralidae, Stadium pests that destroy crops are jasmine larva (caterpillar).
Control: done by cutting the weight of the affected plants and spraying insecticides mangkus and sangkil, for example Decis 2.5 EC, Perfekthion 400 E / Curacron 500 EC.

Flower borers (Hendecasis duplifascials):

These pests include Pyralidae order Lepidoptera and family.
Symptoms: attacking jasmine plants by means of broaching / punching holes so that the flowers fail to bloom. Flowers are attacked become damaged and sometimes secondary infection by the fungus causing rotting flowers.
Control: mangkus sprayed with insecticides, such as Decis 2.5 EC, 50 EC Cascade / Lannate L.

Thips (Thrips sp):

Including the order Thysanoptera Thrips and family Thripidae. These pests are predators of all kinds of plants (polifag).
Symptoms: attack by sucking the liquid surface of the leaves, especially young leaves (shoots).
Control: is done by reducing the variety of types of host plants around the gardens of jasmine and spraying insecticides mangkus: Mesurol 50 WP, Pegasus 500 SC / Dicarzol 25 SP.

Peudococcus scales (Psuedococcus longispinus):

These pests include Homoptera order Pseudococcidae and families that live in groups on the surface of the leaf stalk shoots and bottom to resemble the scales of gray or yellowish.
Symptoms: attack plants by sucking liquid discharge plant cells and honey.
Control: done by spraying insecticides mangkus, for example Bassa 500 EC / Nogos 50 EC.

Nausinoe caterpillar (Nausinoe geometralis):

These pests include Pyralidae order Lepidoptera and family.
Feature: brown moth with an average body length of 12 mm and a length of wing span of approximately 24 mm brown and mottled transparent.
Symptoms: attack the leaves of jasmine plant is identical (same) with caterpillar P. unionalis.

Other pests. :

Other pests are often found is mealybug (Dialeurodes citri) and ticks shell (scale insects). Flocking sticks to the branches, twigs and shoots of plants jasmine, attacked by sucking the cell fluid, so that the process of photosynthesis (metabolism).
Control is done by spraying insecticides mangkus, as Perfekthion 400 EC / Decis 2.5 EC.

7.2. Disease

Blight:

Cause: The fungus (mushroom) Rhizcotonia solani Kuhn.
Symptoms: attack the leaves which is located near the soil surface.

Hawar thread (Thread Blight):

Cause: The fungus Marasmiellus scandens (Mass).
Symptoms: attack the branches of jasmine plants.

Blossom blight (Flower Blight):

Cause: The fungus (mushroom) Curvularia sp. Fusarium sp and Phoma sp ,.
Symptoms: rotten flowers, brown and sometimes flowers falling.

Mushrooms upas:

Cause: The fungus Capnodium salmonicolor. The disease attacks the stems and branches of woody plants jasmine.
Symptoms occur decay fungi are covered by a layer of pink on infected plant parts apnodium sp. and Meliola jasmini Hansf. et Stev. Capnodium attack symptoms are above the leaf surface covered by black sooty mold evenly.

Leaf spot:

Cause: The fungus Pestaloita sp.
Symptoms: patches of brown to blackish on the leaves.

Leaf rust (Rust):

Cause: parasitic green algae (Cephaleuros virescens Kunze).
Symptoms: on the surface of affected leaves visible patches of reddish-merahaan and fluffy. The disease primarily affects older leaves.

Antraknosa:

Cause: The fungus Colletotrichum gloesporoides.
Symptoms: small spots formed blackish color. The spots are enlarged and elongated pink, especially on the leaves. Severe attacks can cause dead end (die back).

Other diseases:

Interest by the bacterium Erwinia foul tumafucuens. Nodule by nematodes Meloidogyne incognito, abnormilitas cause plant roots. Dwarf virus causes growth retardation jasmine plants, mottled leaves and sometimes the entire twigs and buds become stiff.

8. HARVEST

8.1. Characteristics and Harvest

The characteristics of jasmine that it was time to harvest is already large flower size (maximum) and still buds / half bloom. Jasmine flower production in Indonesia is still low which ranged between 20-25 kg / ha / day. Jasmine plants began flowering at the age of 7-12 months after planting. Jasmine harvest can be done throughout the year in many times to plant age between 5-10 years. Every year flowering jasmine plants generally lasts for 12 weeks (3 months).

8.2. How to Harvest

Jasmine flower picking should be done early in the afternoon, which is when the sun is not too hot / air temperature is not too hot.

8.3. Harvest Period

Jasmine highest yields ranging between 1-2 weeks. Furthermore, the production rate will decrease and then increase again 2 months

8.4. Production Forecast

The highest production of jasmine flowers are usually in the rainy season, in Central Java, jasmine harvest in the dry season resulted in a 5-10 kg / hectare, while the harvest in the rainy season reaches 300-1.000kg / ha. Data jasmine production in Indonesia ranges from 1.5-2 tonnes / ha / yr in the rainy season and 0.7 to 1 ton / ha / yr in the dry season.

9. Postharvest

9.1. Collection

In the open jasmine will quickly wither to maintain / extend the freshness of flowers were laid bare in winnowing the plastic sheet is then stored in the cold room temperature between 0-5 degrees C.

9.2. Etc

One of the products of postharvest processing of jasmine is Jasmine Oil.

Special jasmine oil, the oil extracted from the flowers of jasmine with petroleum ether solvents, as raw material for high quality fragrance oils.
Regular jasmine oil, which is oil extracted from jasmine with solvent benzole, as raw material quality fragrance oils being.
Special pomade oil, the oil that is obtained by enfleurage technique jasmine flowers, hair oil as a raw material.
Pomade oil usual, the oil extracted from the former enfleurage jasmine, as technical deodorizer.

Enfleurage technique called smear technique. The working principle of extraction of jasmine with a smear technique is as follows:

Apply grease on the surface of the thin glass muri.
Put fresh jasmine flowers (new quotes) above the surface of the glass.
Save thin glass joint jasmine in storage racks made of plastic, wood / metal rust resistant.
Let jasmine for 3-4 days until the flowers wilted.
Jasmine flowers have withered immediately discarded to be replaced with new flowers / still fresh.
Do it this way would be repeated for 2-3 months until the grease filled perfume of jasmine.

Jasmine oil extraction technique can be done by using a hollow tube.

Put fresh jasmine flowers into the tube, then circulate solvent (alcohol, ether, chlorofrom, ecetone, pure fat, petroleum ether) on an ongoing basis.
Distributes fluid extracts containing solvent and jasmine elements vacuum tubes to a modest heated to evaporate the solvent. Diallirkan solvent vapor returned to the condenser to become liquid.
Add ethanol into the element of jasmine flowers. Jasmine flower element usually in the form of solid wax (concrete) which still contain dyes, resins and other elements that do not evaporate.
Mix the oil with alcohol before then filter back to remove the resin content.
Perform absolute distillation using glycol sthlene irradiation with ultraviolet light to remove the dye.

10. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CROP CULTIVATION

10.1. Analysis of Cultivation

Approximate analysis jasmine cultivation area of 0.5 ha conducted in 1999 in Bogor.

Production cost

Rp 0.5 ha of land lease. 750.000, -
Seed Rp. 190.000, -
Fertilizer Rp. 325.000, -
Pesticides Rp. 50. 000, -
Labor Rp. 6.425 million, -
Tools (preparation tools) Rp. 50.000, -

Total production cost Rp. 7.79 million, -

Revenue 15 555 kg @ Rp. 850, - Rp.12.750.000, -
Net profit of Rp. 4.96 million, -
Parameter feasibility:

O / I ratio = 1.637
ROI = 0.698
BEP Rp. 1,696,352.84, -

10. 2.Gambaran Opportunities Agribusiness

Development of commercial-scale farming jasmine has bright prospects danpeluang good market. Every day for the purposes of sow flowers needed 600 kilograms of jasmine. Jasmine potential market is Japan, Korea, Thailand, Taiwan and Hong Kong. The economic value of jasmine increasingly needed in advanced life (modern) for industrial raw materials perfume, cosmetics, fragrances, flavoring tea, paints, inks, pesticides, deodorant soap and textile industry. Although the jasmine flower market opportunities in domestic and foreign large enough, the new Indonesian jasmine flower production is able to meet around 2% of the world market requirements jasmine. This phenomenon shows the opportunities that need to be put to good use in Indonesia because of the potential of the vast land resources and agroekologinya suitable for jasmine farmer. The study conducted by agribusiness jasmine Horticulture Research and Development center in the area of production stun Tegal (Central Java) show that jasmine farming profitable and feasible to be developed.

11. STANDARD PRODUCTION

11.1. Scope

Standard jasmine covering the scope, description, classification, quality requirements, sampling method, test methods, labeling and packaging requirements.

11.2. Description ...

11.3. Classification and Quality Standards

The quality and packing of flowers for export to the international market is largely determined by the importing country.

11.4. Sampling

One party / lot fresh jasmine flowers consist of a maximum of 1,000 packs. Samples are taken at random from the quantity of packaging.

The amount of packaging in the party 1-5, all the samples taken.
The amount of packaging in the party 6-100, samples taken at least 5.
The amount of packaging in the party 101-300, samples taken at least seven.
The amount of packaging in the party 301-500, samples taken at least 9.
The amount of packaging in the party 501 - 1000, samples taken at least 10.

11.5. Packaging

Fresh jasmine flowers cardboard boxes packed with new and solid, good, clean, dry and ventilated. Total 15-20 stalk stalk tied and wrapped. Then put in cardboard packaging. Other packaging by weight and a certain amount of stalk can be used atasdasar agreement between the seller and the buyer. End of the flower stalk is inserted into a plastic bag containing a wet cotton-containing preservative.

12. REFERENCES