Cultivation StarFuit (carambola)

1. A BRIEF HISTORY

starfruit cultivation

Starfruit is a tree fruit crops originating from Malaysia region, then spread to many other tropical countries in the world including Indonesia. In general, star fruit grown in culture form the yard (home yard gardening), which is cultivated as a sideline business as a shade plant in the pages of the home. In the Americas region, star fruit is known by the name / title "star fruits", and the type of leatherback popular and mainstream society is starfruit "Florida".

2. TYPES OF PLANTS

In plant taxonomy, the leatherback is classified as follows:

1. Kingdom: Plantae (plants)
2. Division: Spermatphyta (seed plants)
3. Sub-divisions: Angiospermae (seeded closed)
4. Class: Dicotyledonae (beans into pieces two)
5. Order: oxalidales
6. Family: Oxalidaceae
7. Genus: Averrhoa
8. Species: L. Averrhoa carambola (starfruit sweet); A.bilimbi L. (starfruit
   wuluh)

In Indonesia, known to be quite a lot of variety of star fruit varieties, including varieties Sembiring, Siwalan, Goddess, Demak lime, turmeric Demak, Demak orange, Market Week, Wijaya, Paris, Philippines, Taiwan, Bangkok, and varieties of Malaysia. 1987 has released two varieties of starfruit national superior namely: varieties of turmeric and lime.

3. BENEFITS OF PLANTS

The main benefits of this plant as eating fresh fruit and processed fruit food or medication, tadisional. Other benefits as stabilizers and maintenance of the environment, among others, can absorb toxic gases motor vehicle exhaust, etc., filtering dust, dampen sound vibration, and preservation of the environment from pollution due to various human activities. As a vehicle for education, planting starfruit on the home page inseparable from government programs in an effort to plant a million trees movement.

4. INVESTMENT CENTER

Center / center as a star fruit crops intensively and commercial farming is Malaysia. In 1993 the country is able to export fresh star fruit as much as 10.220 mt (metric tons) worth Rp. 2 billion, which is supplied to Hong Kong, Singapora, Taiwan, Middle East, and Western Europe.

5. TERMS OF GROWTH

5.1. Climate

1. Circumstances required for the growth of the wind that is not too tight, because it can cause the death of flower or fruit.
2. Moderate rainfall, in the area of high rainfall often causes abscission of flowers and fruit, so the production will be low.
3. The place is open cropping and gets adequate sunlight with irradiation intensity of 45-50%, but also tolerant of shade (the shade).
4. Temperature and humidity or the climate, including type A (very moist), B (slightly wet), C (wet), with 6-12 wet months and 0-6 months keing, but best in areas that have a damp and 7.5 months 4.5 months to dry.

5.2. Growing Media

1. Almost all types of land used for agriculture is also suitable for the plant starfruit. The soil is fertile, friable, contains a lot of organic matter, good aeration and drainage.
2. The degree of acidity of the soil to plant starfruit that has a pH of 5.5-7.5.
3. The water content in the soil or ground water depths between 50-200 cm below the soil surface.

5.3. Height Places

Height suitable place to plant starfruit is in the lowlands to an altitude of 500 m above sea level.

6. GUIDELINES FOR RAISING

6.1. Seeding

1) Requirements for Seeds and Seedlings

Carambola seeds production technology should always use superior parent trees or vegetative propagation (grafting, grafting, graft, and suckler). Generative propagation by seed is not recommended, because it almost always give different offspring to the parent (genetic segregation). Therefore, breeding generative (seeds) are only intended to produce a seedling rootstock (onderstam) which is later used in vegetative propagation.

2) Preparation of Seed

Preparation of seeds leatherback done by vegetative propagation (grafting, grafting, suckler and graft). Specifically in vegetative propagation by means of grafting (grafting, graft, suckler) or seedling rootstock required onderstam derived from seeds (generative breeding). The procedure for the preparation of a rootstock for the preparation of the seed (seed) belimbing as follows:

1. Choose ripe star fruit dipohon and healthy condition and comes from national or local varieties.
2. Download (remove) the seed of the fruit by way of slicing, then disposed of in a container.
3. Wash star fruit seeds with water until free of mucus.
4. Keringanginkan star fruit seeds and dried in the shade until the water content ranges between 12-14%.
5. Save the seeds of star fruit in a sealed container and colored, or sown directly in the nursery.

3) Techniques Seeding Seed

Seedbed preparation include the following stages:

1. Determine (select) area for seedbed in strategic places and fertile soil.
2. If the land is between 30-40 cm deep enough to loose, then dried aired for ± 15 days. c) Create the beds as wide as 100-120 cm, height 30 cm and length depending on the state of the land. The beds should be longitudinal direction of the North-South position.
3. Add manure mature and refined as much as 2 kg / m2 spacious beds while mixed with top soil evenly, then trim the beds with tools wooden boards or bamboo or hoe.
4. Plug bamboo poles on the East side of the embankment as high as 100-150 cm and 75-100 cm on the West side, then plug it also bars of bamboo with a bound.
5. Attach the nursery roof of leaves (straw) or clear plastic sheet (transparent), so the nursery beds complete with the roof ready to sowing seeds of starfruit.

Procedures to sow the seeds of leatherback is as follows:

1. Soak beans in cold water starfruit or lukewarm (55-60 degrees C) for 30 minutes or more.
2. Kecambahkan starfruit seed by storage in a damp cloth roll in a damp place for some time.
3. Starfruit seedlings that have germinated seeds in the nursery land. The trick is seed propagated along the kerf or shallow grooves on the distance between the grooves around 10-15 cm, then cover with a thin soil.
4. Let the sprouts grow and develop into young seedlings.

4) Maintenance Nurseries / Seeding

Maintenance seedlings in the nursery done during the following stages:

1. Watering (irrigation) continuously 1-2 times a day, or depending on weather conditions.
2. Fertilizing with nitrogen fertilizers (Urea, ZA) or NPK are dissolved in water at a dose of 10 g / 10 liters for medium sprayed on the nursery every 3 months.

c) Control of pests or diseases by cutting severely affected areas, improvement of soil drainage and spraying pesticides at concentrations between 30-50% lower than recommended.

5) Transfer of Seed

Weaning (nursery seedlings at the age of 6-8 months from the nursery into a polybag or cart or land that has filled the media mix soil with manure.

6.2. Media Processing Plant

1) Preparation

The minimum area required for the operation of the nursery is 2,000 m 2, which can accommodate as many as 5,000-10,000 seedlings seedlings. While the land for the mother plant can be provided alone or planted in the operational area. The main requirement is the availability of land in the selection of water for plants, as a natural indicator of the presence or absence of water sources can be used palm tree, palm trees because generally live in an area that contains a lot of water. Another characteristic of land containing water is the area located in a valley of hills or mountains. Land for the plant starfruit
The low altitude of 500 m above sea level, with a water depth between 50-200 cm below the soil surface and the soil has a pH of 5.5-7.5. Soil fertile land, friable, contains a lot of organic matter, good aeration and drainage, as well as the best time of planting in areas that have a wet climate between 7.5 months and 4.5 months dry.

2) Clearing

Determine strategic areas and fertile land, how land management (piracy / pengarukan and hoeing) land enough land in between 30-40 cm until crumbly, then dried for 15 days. Add the ground land that has been processed manure mature and refined as much as 2 kg / m 2 and then trim the embankment while icampurkan with top soil evenly, and trimmed with tools wooden boards or bamboo or cangkal and then land ready for planting.

3) Establishment of Beds

The pile is built with widths of 100-120 cm, height 30 cm and length depending on the state of the land. Beds should be longitudinal North-South position. Pairs (plug) bamboo poles on the East side as high as 100-150 beds
cm, and on the West side of 75-100 cm, then plug also bars while tied up. Further pairs of roof of leaves (straw) or clear plastic (transparent) so that seedbed is ready for use.

6.3. Planting Techniques

1) Determination of Planting Pattern

Determination of plant spacing and cropping patterns are usually relatively dependent on the existing land area. In general, if the land area is quite spacious then a spacing between plants leatherback made ​​about 6 x 6 meters. Or can be used dalan spacing of 5 x 5 m with the cropping pattern in the form of plantation culture permanently and intensively maintained.

2) Hole Making Plant

Before the seeds are planted, first created the planting hole. Planting hole measuring 50 x 50 x 50 cm. Dug a hole as deep as 50 cm, the upper half of the dugouts were separated, the hole aerated for 2-4 weeks. After quite dianginkan, land on top of chicken manure mixed with a ratio of 1: 1. It is also given NPK 20-10-10 1 handful per planting hole. Then a mixture of soil and fertilizer was put back into the hole.

3) How Planting

A hole that has been prepared for planting as above, after the fertilizer is not directly planted, but left during the first week after it had planted. When grafting seedlings planted clones B17, then the time planted in the field should be combined / interrupted by seed clone B2. How, among the eight plants cultivated middle-middle B17 B2. This combination is intended to help pollination, because, according to an expert, allegedly leatherback clone B17
This is male sterile, so it needs the help of pollen clone B2 in pollination.

6.4. Plant Maintenance

1) Spacing and Stitching

Thinning and replanting intended to be more flexible fruit growing and distribution of food only to the fruit are maintained. In this thinning sought no fruit clustered or attached. One tree is estimated there are only 100 pieces to large leatherback maintained. Thinning is done when the fruit of 2.5-5 cm, or 5-10 days after the flowers are blooming.

2) Weeding, Pembubunan and Perempalan

Weeding, pembubunan and perempalan done so that the plants produce fruit starfruit productively, and to obtain maximum results. Weeding is done by pruning to shape the plant canopy so that the plants do not coincide. This is to encourage the production of fruit and easy to harvest.

3) Fertilization

Fertilization for 3 months after planting was 25 kg of chicken manure with 50 grams of NPK / tree. Year old 25 kg of manure with a 150 gram NPK / tree. 2 years old are given 50 kg of manure and 500 g NPK / tree, and the age of 3 years and above are given 75 kg of manure to 1 kg NPK / tree. For planting medium pot or fruit plants in pots (tabulampot) given at the time of fertilization plant age 1 month was given
basic fertilizer in the form of a mixture of urea, TSP or SP and KCL (2: 1: 1) of 20 g or 2 tablespoons per plant (pot). Fertilizers are buried in the pot. Once a month fertilized with nitrogen ZA many as 10 gr
dissolved in 10 liters of water, this solution is sprayed on plants in pots until leatherback looks pretty wet. At leatherback plants have started flowering and fruiting given NPK fertilizer as much as 25-50 grams / tree (pot) / year. Waku fertilizer preferably before flowering plants, after fruiting, and after the harvest, so that each year a minimum of fertilizer 3 times each 1/3 dose.

4) Irrigation and Watering

Starfruit plants need lots of water throughout her life. In areas throughout the year to get the water would not be a problem, but in dry areas and irrigation plants need to be watered. As an indication of when the plants need watering, namely when the grass that grows under the trees had started to wilt. Watering can be done by flooding (dileb) or watered until wet the area around the plant canopy. Although always need water, this plant does not like standing water, need to be given the means of drainage and water immediately flowed out of the garden so as not to stagnate.

5) Time Pesticide Spraying

As a precaution against pests and plant diseases leatherback it is necessary to spray pesticides. Pesticide spraying is done 2 times a week, for example with 'Thamaron Super' the proportion adjusted
the dosage indicated on the packaging.

7. PEST AND DISEASE

7.1. Pest

1) The fruit fly (Dacus pedestris)

This flies yellowish brown with two longitudinal lines, waist slender, winged like nightgowns whose structure is thin and transparent. Female flies lay eggs on the skin of the fruit, then hatch into larvae. Larva is then damaging star fruit flesh, causing bususk and falling. Control: is done by wrapping the fruit in stage valve (age 1 month of blooms), collect and burn the remains of plants that are scattered under the trees, installing sex pheromone as Methyl eugenol in the former aqua bottle.

2) Other pests: aphids, ants ngangrang kien vang (Oecophylla smaragdina) and bats.

Control: aphids and ants can be sprayed with insecticides mangkus like Matador 25 EC etc., while the bats should be driven manner.

7.2. Disease

1) leaf spot

Cause: The fungus Cercospora averrhoae Fres. Symptoms occur chlorotic spotting-rickshaw round and small on the child leaves. Weight affected leaves turn yellow and fall off, even to bare on young plants or seed stage. Control: by cutting (amputation) and diseased plant parts which contain active fungicide sprayed Kaptafol, such Difolatan, etc.

2) sooty mold disease

The disease is life as a saprophyte in honey produced by white lice. Symptoms: leaf surface covered by a black color, so that it can disrupt the photosynthesis process. Control: mangkus sprayed with fungicides, such as Dithane M45 at the recommended concentration.

8. HARVEST

8.1. Characteristics and Harvest

Harvesting (picking) of star fruit is strongly influenced by the geographic location of planting, namely environmental factors and climate. In lowland wet climate type, age star fruit picking around 35-60 days after wrapping the fruit or 65-90 days after the flowers bloom. Star fruit characteristics that it is time for harvest is large in size (maximum), has matured and his color changed from green to white or yellow or red or any other color variations. It depends on the varieties of starfruit.

8.2. How to Harvest

How to star fruit harvesting is done by cutting the stems. Fruit picking takes place continuously by choosing the fruit has matured. The best harvest time is in the morning, when the fruit is still fresh and before the weather is too hot (scorching). Star fruit freshly picked immediately inserted (accommodated) in a container are carefully so as not bruised or damaged.

8.3. Harvest Period

Star fruit harvest period, generally penen prime at the age of 3-4 years after planting. Flowering and fruiting leatherback can continuously throughout the year, the harvest most dense (many) usually occurs three times a year.

8.4. Production Forecast

Potential results / production of star fruit varieties grown in the garden permanently and intensively maintained can reach between 150-300 fruit / tree / year. When the spacing of 5 x 5 m with a population of between 250-400 trees per hectare with productivity 150-300 fruit / tree and fruit weight per average 160 grams, then the production rate reaches 6-19 tons per hectare.

9. Postharvest

After harvest leatherback need further post-harvest handling, especially when abundant (much). Postharvest handling stages of star fruit are as follows:

9.1. Collection

Collect star fruit in a shady place or room.

9.2. Sorting and Classification

Select bedasarkan fruit maturity level and uniform size. Separate (exhaust) fruit damaged, deformed or attacked by pests and diseases. Clean pieces of dirt that might be stuck with powerful tools soft (smooth).

9.3. Storage

Save star fruit in the container and the room (a) the cold for family supplies, or store the cardboard box containing star fruit in the refrigerator temperature between 5-20 degrees C.

9.4. Packaging and Transportation

1. Wrap each piece or several pieces with stretch plastic or tissue paper or polysterene net.
2. Enter the star fruit into the container (containers) form the base of the cardboard box and the walls are covered (coated) foam. Each carton contains a maximum of 3 layers of star fruit with fruit position the base at the bottom. Star fruit that has been packed ready for transport to point of sale / shelter.

10. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CROP CULTIVATION

10.1. Analysis of Cultivation

Potential production of star fruit grown in the garden permanently and intensively maintained, with spacing between 5x5 m or 6x6 m, when the population of leatherback plants per hectare between 250-400 trees with the potential productivity of 150-300 fruit / tree / year, and the weight per fruit average of 160 grams, it can be produced / production levels reach 6-19 tons per hectare star fruit. At harvest leatherback, leatherback average price reached Rp. 750, - up to Rp.
5.000, - per kg. Then we can calculate how large amount of income earned in a 1 hectare per year. Of course, after deducting the costs of production incurred, such as: nursery, maintenance, fertilization,
harvest / post-harvest, etc.

10.2. Agribusiness Opportunity Overview

Starfruit marketing prospects in the country is estimated the better. This is partly due to population growth and the increasing number of consumers are realizing the importance of adequate nutrition from fruits. In the year of
1993 Indonesia only contributed 0.4% of the total value of world imports of tropical fruit. When in 1989 the level of consumption of fruits per capita population of Indonesia only reached 22.92 kg / year, then to achieve nutrient adequacy as recommended by FAO is targeting an average of 60 kg per capita per year. One type of potential that is easily cultivated fruit to support the achievement of these targets is the star fruit. Estimated demand is increasing every year, the increase in the demand amounted to 6.1% / year (1995-2000), 6.5% / year (2000-2005), 6.8% / year (2005-2010), and reach 8.9% / year (2010- 2015). It is clear that the prospect of farming (agri) leatherback very sunny when managed intensively and commercially, either in the form of plantation culture, the yard, as well as tabulampot.

11. STANDARD PRODUCTION

11.1. Scope

Standard production includes: quality requirements, quality testing method, sampling method and way of packaging.

11.2. Description ..........................

11.3. Classification and Quality Standards: ......................

11.4 Sampling

Samples are taken at random from the amount of packaging as shown below. From each sample packs of 20 pieces taken from the upper, middle and lower. The examples were randomized stratified (startified random sampling) to obtain a minimum of 20 fruits for analysis.

1. The amount of packaging in the party (lot) up to 100, the samples taken 5.
2. The amount of packaging in the party (lot) 101 up to 300, the samples taken 7.
3. The amount of packaging in the party (lot) 301-500, the samples taken 9.
4. The amount of packaging in the party (lot) 501-1000, samples taken 10.
5. The amount of packaging in the party (lot) more than in 1000, samples taken 15 (minimum).

The sampling officer must qualify that person experienced or trained in advance and had ties with legal entities.

11.5. Packaging

Star fruit is packed with wooden crates / other materials that conform with the maximum net weight of 30 kg. Outer packaging is labeled that reads include: name goods, class size, the type of quality, name / code of the company, weight
clean, country / point of interest, the results of Indonesia, the area of origin.

12. REFERENCES

1. How to cultivate starfruit with benar.- Trubus January 1989: 16.
2. Leatherback ahead of Demak.- Janur Seloka, May 1993: 3.
3. Starfruit seed traits unggul.- Poster, September 1989: 102.
4. Cipaku image, PT.- Exploitation and star fruit mangosteen seeds in Citra Cipaku.-Bogor: Image Cipaku, 1997?
5. Eradicate the ants on the tree belimbing.- AFP, 15 February 1989: 8.
6. Overcoming fruit flies in belimbing.- Poster, April 1990: 160.
7. Agricultural Information Centre Trubus.- Belimbing set Clipping: the introduction of types, cultivation, post-harvest, pemasaran.- Jakarta: PIP-Poster, 1993.
8. Rukmana, Rahmat.- Belimbing.- tabulampot series, Yogyakarta: Canisius Publishers, 1996.
9. Turns star fruit penyembuh.- medical efficacy Bisnis Indonesia, April 4, 1993: 9. Jakarta, February 2000

Source: Management Information System Development in Rural Areas, BAPPENAS

starfruit cultivation

starfruit cultivation

starfruit cultivation

starfruit cultivation