Duku Cultivation

1. HISTORY

Duku Cultivation

Duku (Lansium domesticum Corr) is a form of tree fruit crops from Indonesia. Now duku population is spread widely across the archipelago. In addition there is mention duku from Southeast Asia West, the Gulf of Thailand in the west to Kalimantan in the east. This type still found growing wild / wilder back in the region and is one of the major fruit cultivation.

2. TYPES OF PLANTS

Duku types are widely planted in Indonesia is kind of like a superior Duku Duku komering, metesih and Duku Duku Condet.

3. BENEFITS OF PLANTS

The main benefit duku plants as food fresh fruit or other processed foods. Another useful section is a light brown wooden hard and durable, used for pole house, furniture handles and so on. Fruit peels and seeds can also be used as an anti-diarrhea drugs and drugs to cure fever. While the bark that tastes sepet used to treat dysentery, while the bark flour is used to treat scorpion bites.

4. INVESTMENT CENTER

In Indonesia Duku mainly planted in Java (Surakarta), Sumatra (Ogan, South Sumatra) and Jakarta (Condet).

5. TERMS OF GROWTH

5.1. Climate

The wind did not significantly affect the growth of plants duku but can not grow optimally in areas of high wind speeds.
Duku plants generally can be grown in areas with high rainfall and evenly throughout the year. Duku plants grow optimally in the area with a wet climate to slightly wet the rainfall between 1500-2500 mm / year.
Duku plant grows optimally at high light intensity.
Duku plants can thrive if it is located in an area with an average temperature of 19 degrees C.
High humidity can also accelerate plant growth duku, otherwise if the humidity is low can inhibit plant growth duku.

5.2. Growing Media

Duku plants can grow very well in soil that contains a lot of organic matter, fertile and have good soil aeration. In contrast to the soil rather nest / soil that contains a lot of sand, plants duku will not produce well if not accompanied by sufficient irrigation.
The degree of soil acidity (pH) is good for plants duku is 6-7, although the relative duku plants more tolerant to acid soil circumstances.
The area is rather wet, the plants will grow and produce duku well as long as the state of the state of groundwater is less than 150 m below ground surface (groundwater type A and type B). But plants do not require groundwater duku stagnant because it can inhibit the growth and crop production.
Duku plants prefer a slightly downhill because duku plants can not grow optimally in stagnant water conditions. So if the place a little slope, rain water will continue to flow and form a puddle.

5.3. The height of the plants generally require duku land that has a height of no more
from 650 m above sea level.

6. GUIDELINES FOR RAISING

6.1. Seeding

1) Requirements for Seeds

Duku quality crop seeds to be planted very decisive duku production. Therefore, the seeds duku must meet the following requirements:

Free from pests and diseases
Seed has the properties genjah
The level of uniformity of physical appearance such as color, shape and size more uniform than other similar seedlings
Fast growing seedlings.

2) Preparation of Seed

Propagation and planting duku generally propagated by seed or from seedlings that grow spontaneously under the tree, and then kept in a pot until almost 1 meter high and can already be planted in the field. So the success rate is quite high although generative propagation requires a relatively long time. Power and durability seedling germination would be better in line with the size of the seeds and only seeds that are large which should be used in breeding. Early seedling growth was slow, with intensive election takes 10-18 months for the stem duku diameter of a pencil, which is a measure that is suitable for grafting or planting effort in the field, but in most nurseries to arrive at the size it takes two times more long. Propagation by cuttings is possible by using the wood is still green, but requires careful maintenance. Sometimes large branch grafted, because tree is propagated by grafting ynag can bear fruit after a few years, but after the death of the graft is separated from the mother tree tends to be high percentage.

3) Techniques Seeding Seed

Time seeding preferably in the rainy season in order to obtain a state that is always moist and basah.Cara manufacture seeding media can be a fertile ground / soil mix and organic fertilizer (manure or compost) with the same ratio (1: 1). If necessary the planting medium can be added a little sand. A nursery can be a seedbed, basket / plastic bags or polybags. But it should be a place for a seedbed using plastic bags in order to simplify the process of moving the seedlings.

4) Maintenance Nurseries / Seeding

Duku seeds do not require special treatment except for the provision of adequate water, especially in the dry season. For 2 or 3 weeks since duku planted seedlings need watering twice a day ie morning and evening, especially when it does not rain. Further fairly watered once every day. If growth is completely solid, watering enough to taste watering if dry seeding media. Stitching on the seedlings needed if there is a dead seeds or seedlings are stunted. Weeds that interfere with the growth of seedlings also hrus eliminated. To enhance the growth of the seedlings should be a good fertilizer organic fertilizer in the form of manure and inorganic fertilizers such as compost or fertilizer TSP and ZK in accordance with the recommended dose and concentration.

5) Transfer of Seed

Seedlings are ready for planting is around 2-3 months with a height of 30-40 cm seedlings. Seed removal activities should pay attention to the physical condition of the seeds right time

6.2. Media Processing Plant

1) Preparation

Prior to the processing of land need to know first soil pH level suitable for duku plants, amounting to 6-7. In addition the condition of the soil to be processed must also comply with the requirements of growing plants duku that soil containing plenty of organic matter and soil airase good.

2) Clearing

Land clearing activities can be done by using a tool such as a tractor or hoe. Laahan opening should be done during the dry season so that at the beginning of the rainy season planting activities can be carried out immediately.

3) Establishment of Beds

Seedbed formation is not necessary delam land for crop cultivation duku, so beds are rarely found in land plants duku.

4) Liming

Liming activities are indispensable if the soil pH is not in accordance with the requirements of soil pH for the plant duku. How to calcification can be done by watering around plants duku. The number and doses of liming should be in accordance with the recommended levels.

6.3. Planting Techniques

1) Determination of Planting Pattern

Duku generally planted trees in the yard, but often also planted intercropping under coconut trees (in the Philippines) or ditumpang extracted with other crops such as mangosteen and durian trees (in Indonesia and Thailand). Suggested spacing varies greatly from a distance of 8x8 m (approximately 150 trees / ha, in the Philippines) at distances up to 12x12 m for the type longkong the canopy spread out in southern Thailand (50-60 trees / ha). Planting distance is determined by taking into account their companion trees.

Variations spacing is the size of 7x8 m, 8x9 m, 9x9 m, 9x10 m. But the thing to note is a spacing should be wide enough, because if the plants are grown canopy requires a fairly spacious room. One of these variations may be applied depending on soil conditions, especially the level of fertility. If only applied spacing of 10x10 m, mean for the extent of one hectare of land will be planted seedlings duku as many as 100 trees.

2) Hole Making Plant

After planting distance is determined, the next step is making holes for planting. The best time to make the planting hole is about 1-2 months before planting. Minimum planting hole that is created is measuring 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 meters. But it would be better if it was bigger that is 0.8 x 0.8 x 0.7 meters. If the seedlings will be planted rooted duku length (seedlings from seed), the hole must be made deeper. But if short-rooted seedlings duku (seedlings transplant), digging holes arranged wider and wider.

3) How Planting

Planting seeds duku should wait until dugouts solidified or looked down from the surrounding ground surface. Before planting, the soil in the planting hole dug beforehand with a size of approximately pouches are made to wrap seeds. After the wrapper is opened and plant seeds included dlam planting hole. The thing to note is the root position should not be twisted so that they would not interfere with the process of growth. At the time of planting, the soil should be wet / watered first. Planting seeds duku not too shallow. In addition soil surface carried by seed of bag wrapping must remain visible. After planting the seeds, the soil is compacted around it and doused with water. Around the upper surface of the planting hole can be banana weevil, straw, grass or dry to maintain soil moisture and avoid hardening.

6.4. Plant Maintenance

1) Spacing and Stitching

Thinning activity is essentially to reduce competition between the principal crops (crops duku) and other crops (cover crops). Competition is happening is to get nutrients, water, sunlight, and space to grow. Plants other than duku which should dijarangi is a plant that is unwanted and disturbing duku plant growth. Stitching duku plants also need to be done if there is a dead duku plants. Wild plants or weeds must also be cleaned regularly. 1-2 meter radius of the plant duku must be clean.

2) Weeding

Weeding activities needed to eliminate the grasses and small herbaceous plants that can interfere with the growth of duku. Weeding can be done by hand or with the help of some agricultural tools
other.

3) Fertilization

Fertilization is needed to increase the availability of soil nutrients. Although there are no standard guidelines for fertilizing duku, but to avoid confusion can use the benchmark as follows:

Second and third year for each tree can be given fertilizer duku 15-30 kg of organic fertilizer, urea 100 grams, 50 grams TSP and ZK 20 grams.
The fourth-year, fifth and sixth, the dose of fertilizer increased to 25-40 kg of organic fertilizer, urea 150 grams, 60 grams TSP and 40 grams of fertilizer ZK.
Following years of fertilizers raised again. However, fertilizer should also be adjusted by the rate of plant growth and soil fertility duku. Duku fertilization is done by digging the soil around the plants as deep as 30-50 cm duku with the same width. The fertilizer made circular hole that is located right around the plant canopy.

4) Irrigation and Watering

Duku plants only require provision of adequate water, especially in the dry season. It also duku plant is strong enough and sturdy, the watering is done only as needed. Around the planting hole should be made drains to prevent stagnant water either from rain or watering water.

7. PEST AND DISEASE

7.1. Pest

1) Bats

Fruit bats are the targeted duku duku ripe and ready for harvest.

Control: to prevent disruption of this bat is to wrap duku since the fruit was small. Wrapping materials can be fibers of palm plants, rags, bongsang made of woven bamboo.

2) Ticks shield (Asterolecantium sp.)

These pests attack the leaves and stems duku.

Control:

by way of maintenance and care of plants as possible;
using insecticides in accordance with the type of pests that bother him.

3) Beetle driving fruit (Curculio sp.)

Symptoms: attacking duku ripe fruit, so the fruit duku hollow and rotten when the rain water goes into it. Control: the same bug shield.

4) Ticks white (Psedococcus lepelleyi)

Hama covering leaf buds and young leaves of fruit duku. Control: the same bug shield.

7.2. Disease

1) root rot disease

Is a dangerous disease because it attacks the trees and fruit duku.

Control:

with good plant maintenance;
sprayed with fungicides in accordance with the designation of each drug.

2) The disease anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporiods)

Symptoms: presence of brown spots on the fruit series, this attack causes the fruit to fall early and also cause post-harvest losses.

Control:

with good plant maintenance;
sprayed with fungicides in accordance with the designation of each drug.

3) The disease dieback

Cause: The fungus Gloeosporium sp. strike ends of branches and twigs that look dry.

Control:

with good plant maintenance;
done with sprayed with a fungicide such as Manzate, Zerlate, Fermate, Dithane D-14 or other pesticides. Dosage for the drug eradication of this disease should be adjusted to the recommended dosages of each drug.

7.3. Weeds

The existence of weeds such as wild grasses and reeds can inhibit plant growth duku. Weeds should be removed by weeding and to prevent these weeds can be used chemical drugs.

8. HARVEST

8.1. Characteristics and Harvest

Duku plant age can reach 300 years or more, depending on the nature or kind, how the maintenance and condition of the environment in which to grow. Productivity fruit ready for harvest are also strongly influenced by three factors. Duku fruit ready for harvest usually yellow rind greenish clean and even has become whitish yellow and the fruit is rather soft. Other signs are the sap on the skin of the fruit already seemed diminished or absent altogether sap on the skin duku, if the fruit is still green means the fruit is immature and not ready to be harvested. Duku plants are propagated by seeds, usually start flowering plants at the same time to bear fruit at the age of 12 years or more. As for nursery plants vegetatively duku such as an implant or connection can bear fruit more quickly that at the age of 8 years.

8.2. How to Harvest

Duku fruit is usually harvested in a way to climb the tree and dipotongi clusters mature fruit with a knife or pruning shears. Let careful not to injure the stem attachment of a handle of the bunch, because the next inflorescence will also appear there as well. In fact, rather than climbing the tree is better to use the stairs, because such actions will reduce damage to the buds are still dominant. Required 4 or 5 times until all the fruit harvesting depleted picked from the tree. Picking only the ripe fruit, which is estimated from the discoloration, which will greatly improve the quality of the fruit. Generally, within a single fruit bunches will ripen almost simultaneously, but if not at the same maturation process, will be very difficult harvesting. Duku fruit must be harvested in dry conditions, because the fruit will damp moldy if it is packaged.

8.3. Harvest Period

In general, flowering plants duku began around September and October each year and ripe fruit began to be collected after 6 months since the release of flowers, around February or March. Duku flower pollination usually occurs by the mediation of cross insects like honey bees, even though the self-pollination often occurs. The period of the release of the first duku interest depending on environmental conditions and the nature / type of crop harvest tersebut.Musim Duku Duku so short, ripe olive fruit a little earlier than duku. In certain areas duku-complexioned types produce two harvests per year (even though it is not clear whether each tree bear fruit more than once each year), and it's harvest time also varies for different areas, so that the markets can be obtained parent duku for 4 months (in Thailand and the Philippines in July and October) to 8 months (in Peninsular Malaysia in June to February).

8.4. Production Forecast

Crops duku somewhat varied. A tendency for 2 times fruitful have been reported in the Philippines. Duku trees aged 10 years and can produce 40-50 kg, duku increased to 80-150 kg at the age of 30 years old trees, the maximum outcome according to the report there are up to 300 kg per tree. Figures on land area and production mentioned above if it is calculated to be the average yield will be obtained rate of 2.5 tons per hectare for the country. Philippines compared with 3.6 tons per hectare for olive and 5.6 tons per hectare to duku in Thailand.

9. Postharvest

9.1. Collection

Once the fruit is harvested, the fruit is collected in one place duku dry and not watery.

9.2. Sorting and Classification

On a commercial venture, fruit harvested duku of course have to be sorted first. Sorting is primarily done based on the size of the fruit size duku, while throwing rotten fruit or defects and remove their stems. Duku not usually sold along with their stems, because there are people who are happy to buy fruit duku without clusters.

9.3. Storage

Duku is a highly perishable fruit because the fruit skin will turn brown within 4 or 5 days after harvest. Fruit can be left dipohonnya for a few days to wait until the other clusters also cooked, but despite still being dipohonnya fruits that remain turned brown and in a short time will not be sold in the market. So it is necessary for the storage process in the cold room with a temperature of 15 ° C and a relative humidity of 85-90% can allow the fruit to last up to two weeks, if the fruits were first soaked in a solution Benomil.

9.4. Packaging and Transportation

Duku easy to be damaged which is not different from other fruits in general. To overcome the possibility of damage to the fruit duku, especially damage to the travel time, the duku it should packaged in such a way by using strong packaging. The best type of packaging for fruit crates duku is. Packaging size should not be too small or large, but preferably measuring approximately 30 x 30 x 50 cm which can load duku about 20 kg per crate. After duku packed in good packaging, the packaging is collected in a place or warehouse and then transported by means of transportation.

10. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CROP CULTIVATION

10.1. Analysis of Cultivation: ...

10.2. Agribusiness Opportunity Overview

Prospects agribusiness duku plant is still very bright. For the domestic market usually seasonal traders who peddle duku popping up in major cities during the harvest season only happens once a year. This proves that duku highly favored by the people who of course invite the interest of many people to be the seller. Besides sales duku can bring considerable benefit at the same time can be a source of business for seasonal traders who are only temporary it. The high interest of the public to buy fruit duku an indication that the future duku have prospective market opportunities. Therefore pemasran duku could be one of the mainstays as a source of employment for those who are business but do not have the kind of business that remains, which is becoming seasonal traders.

11. STANDARD PRODUCTION

11.1. Scope

Standard production includes: quality requirements, quality testing method, sampling method and way of packaging.

11.2. Description: ...

11.3. Classification and Quality Standards: ...

11.4. Sampling

Each packaging sampled as much as 3 kg of top, middle and bottom. Examples are mixed uniformly without causing damage, then divided by 4 and the two parts are taken diagonally. How this is done several times until it reached 3 kg sample to be analyzed.

The amount of packaging in the party: 1 to 100, the minimum number of samples taken 5.
The amount of packaging in the party: 101 to 300, the minimum number of samples taken 7.
The amount of packaging in the party: 301 to 500, the minimum number of samples taken 9.
The amount of packaging in the party: 501 to 1000, the minimum number of samples taken 10.
The amount of packaging in the party: more than 1000, the minimum number of samples taken 15.

The sampling officer must qualify that person experienced / trained in advance and had ties with a legal entity.

11.5. Packaging

Avocado presented in the form of whole and fresh, packaged in a bamboo basket / other materials that conform with / without insulating material, covered with woven bamboo / other materials, then tied with a rope bamboo / other materials. Package contents do not exceed the surface of the packaging with a maximum net weight of 20 kg. The outer packaging is labeled that said among other things: the name of the goods, class size, quality type, region of origin, the name / code of the company / exporters, net weight, the results of Indonesia and places / countries of destination.

12. REFERENCES

AAK. 1991. Planting Fruit Trees 2. Canisius. Yogyakarta
Agribusiness Agency of the Ministry of Agriculture. Invertasi 1991. Agribusiness Commodities Food Crops and Horticulture. Canisius. Yogyakarta.
Daryanto. 1985. planting fruits. Various Science. Semarang.
Lutony, Tony Luqman. Duku 1993. Potential and chances are, Canisius.
NN, 1990. Awaiting Development tanamn Duku, in daily general rubric Self information Harlan Granesia. Bandung.
Magazine Salera, 1991. Know the Medium Duku Code, Edition February 1991. Means Vida Widya. Jakarta.
Natawidjaja, P. Supaman. Knowing 1983. The Nutritious Fruits. Reader Dian. Jakarta
Tohir, AK 1983. Guidelines for farming tanamn Fruits. Pradyaoaramita. Jakarta.