Cultivation of saffron

1. A BRIEF HISTORY

Cultivation of saffron

Turmeric is a medicinal plants such as shrubs and is an annual (perennial) scattered throughout the tropics. Turmeric plant thrives and wild forest based / former gardens. Estimated to come from Binar at an altitude of 1300-1600 m above sea level, there are also those who say that turmeric comes from India. Curcuma word derived from Arabic and Greek Kurkum Karkom. In the years 77-78 BC, Dioscorides call this plant as Cyperus resembles ginger, but bitter, chelate, and a little spicy, but not toxic. This plant is widely cultivated in South Asia, especially in India, South China, Taiwan, Indonesia (Java), and the Philippines.

2. DESCRIPTION OF PLANTS

2.1 Classification

• Division: Spermatophyta.Sub-diviso: Angiospermae
• Class: Monocotyledoneae
• Order: zingiberales
• Family: Zungiberaceae
• Genus: Curcuma
• Species: Curcuma domestica Val.

2.2 Description

Turmeric plants grow tall branching with 40-100 cm. Rod is a pseudo-stem, erect, rounded, forming rhizomes with a yellowish green color and is composed of leaf midrib (rather soft). Single leaf, oval shape (lancet) extends up to 10-40 cm, a width of 8 to 12.5 cm and pertulangan pinnate with pale green color. Flowering compound of hair and scaly shoots pseudo stem, 10-15 cm long with a crown of about 3 cm long and 1.5 cm wide, white / yellowish. Tapered tip and base of the leaf, flat leaf edge. The outer skin is orange-brown rhizome, red fruit flesh is yellowish orange.

2.3 Types of Crops

Type Curcuma domestica Val, C. domestica Rumph, C. longa Auct, u C. longa Linn, Amomum Curcuma Murs. It is the most famous type of turmeric from other types of saffron.

3. BENEFITS OF PLANTS

In Java, turmeric is widely used as a medicinal herb for efficacious soothing, cleaning, drying, eliminate itching, and cure tingling. The main benefits of turmeric plants, namely: as a traditional medicinal materials, industrial raw materials and cosmetic herbs, seasoning materials, farms etc. Besides, the rhizome of turmeric plants that are also useful as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, cancer prevention, anti-tumor, and lower levels of blood fats and cholesterol, as well as a blood purifier.

4. INVESTMENT CENTER

In Indonesia, turmeric cultivation centers in Central Java, with production reaching 12 323 kg / ha. In India, Sri Lanka, China, Haiti and Jamaica, with production reaching> 15 ton / ha.

5. TERMS OF GROWTH

1. Climate.
1. Turmeric plant can grow well in areas that have full or medium light intensity, so that this plant very well live in open places or a little shade.
2. The best growth was achieved in areas where rainfall 1000-4000 mm / year. When planted in the area of rainfall <1000 mm / year, the irrigation system must be arranged and organized well enough. These plants can be cultivated throughout the year. The best growth was at the beginning of the rainy season planting.
3. Air temperature optimum for this plant between 19-30 ° C.
2. Growing Media
1. Turmeric thrives in loose soil, the soil is dug well will produce abundant tubers.
2. Desired type of soil is light soil with high organic matter, sandy clay soil that is free of puddles / slightly alkaline.
3. Altitude: Turmeric grows well in lowland (starting <240 m asl) to the highlands (> 2000 m). Optimal production + 12 tonnes / ha achieved at an altitude of 45 m above sea level.

6. GUIDELINES FOR RAISING

1. Seeding
1. Requirements Seed: Seed good turmeric rhizome derived from the breakdown, because it is easier to grow. Terms of good seed: derived from plants that grow fast, fresh, healthy, leafy and green, sturdy, avoid the attack of the disease; of age / coming from rhizomes that have been aged> 7-12 months; shape, size, and color of the uniform; has a water content; the seed has undergone a period of rest (dormancy) enough; avoid foreign material (other plant seeds, bark, gravel).
2. Preparation of Seeds: Rhizome seed material is cut in order to obtain the size and the weight of the uniform as well as to estimate the number of buds / rhizome. The cut is closed with a gray kitchen / chaff or soak the rhizomes are cut with a fungicide solution (Benlate and agrymicin) in order to avoid the growth of mildew. Each piece has a maximum rhizome 1-3 buds, weighing between 20-30 grams, and length of 3-7 cm.
3. Seeding techniques Bibit.Pertumbuhan turmeric shoots can be stimulated by means of: air the rhizome in the shade or moist during 1-1.5 months, with watering two times a day (morning and evening). Seedlings grow best when stored at room temperature (25-28 ° C). Besides placing rhizomes hay at temperatures between about 25-28 ° C. and soak the seeds in a solution of PGR (plant growth regulators) for 3 hours. PGR is often used Atonik solution (1 cc / 1.5 liters of water) and a solution of G-3 (500-700 ppm). The roots should be soaked in a solution of PGR first dried for 42 hours at temperatures of 35 ° C. Number of tillers or rhizomes weight can be increased by way pakloburazol soaked in a solution of 250 ppm.
4. Displacement Seeds: Seeds that have been prepared and placed in the nursery, where the rhizomes will appear buds have 1-1.5 months old plants. Once the shoots grow 2-3 cm then the rhizomes can already be grown on land. Transplanting seedlings that have sprouted must be done carefully in order to avoid the shoots that have grown are not damaged. If there shoots / roots of seedlings are interlinked then the roots are removed and then carefully place the seedling in a specific container for easy transportation of the seeds to the field site. If the distance between a distant land, the nursery with seedlings need to be protected to keep them moist and fresh when it arrived on the scene. During transport, the seeds have sprouted do not stacked.
2. Media Processing Plant
1. Land preparation: Location plantings can be either dry land, estate or yard. Preparing land for saffron plantation should be done 30 days before planting.
2. Land Opening: Land to be planted cleared of weeds and hoe manually or using mechanical devices to loosen the layer of top soil and sub ​​soil also simultaneously restore soil fertility. Hoeing the soil at a depth of 20-30 cm and then rested for 1-2 weeks to allow the toxic gases present in the soil to evaporate and seedling diseases / pests that no death due to sun exposure.
3. Formation of Beds: Land then dibedeng with a width of 60-100 cm and a height of 25-45 cm with a distance of 30-50 cm between beds.
4. Fertilization (before planting): To maintain soil friability, increase nutrients in the soil, drainage and aeration smoothly, do dengan.menaburkan basic fertilizer (manure) into the soil / the planting hole and allowed 1 week. Each planting hole requires 2.5-3 kg of manure.
3. Planting Techniques: Needs turmeric seeds / ha is 0.50 to 0.65 tons. It is expected to be obtained rhizome production of 20-30 tonnes / ha.
1. Pattern Determination Plants: Seed turmeric that has been prepared then planted into a hole measuring 5-10 cm with the direction of the buds facing up. Turmeric plants are planted in two patterns, ie planting at the beginning of the rainy season by harvesting at the beginning of the dry season (7-8 months) or at the beginning of the rainy season planting and harvesting is done with twice the dry season (12-18 months). Both patterns are made ​​on the same planting time, ie at the start of the rainy season. The difference lies only in the time of harvest.
2. Pembutan Hole Planting: Planting hole was made ​​on the beds / plot with a size of 30 x 30 cm hole with a depth of 60 cm. The distance between holes is 60 x 60 cm.
3. Planting: Planting techniques with cuttings treatment in nitro aromatic rhizome of 1 ml / liter on the media by the mulch turns significantly affect vegetative growth and saffron, while the use of growth regulators IBA (indolebutyric acid) 200 mg / liter on the same media significant effect on the formation of turmeric rhizome.
4. Planting period: The period of planting turmeric ie at the beginning of the rainy season as the plant rhizome-rimpangan other. This is possible because the young plants will need enough water for growth. Although the rhizome of the plant is later harvested young ie 7-8 months but still sought early next planting season rains.
4. Plant Maintenance
1. Stitching: If there turmeric that do not grow or grow poorly, then the subsequent planting (replanting) rhizomes that are still fresh and healthy.
2. Weeding: Weeding and pembubunan needs to be done to eliminate weeds (weeds) that interfere with the absorption of water, nutrients and disrupt the development of the plant. This activity is carried out 3-5 times in conjunction with fertilization and tilling the soil. The first weeding is done during the ½-month-old plants and along with this then do pembubunan to stimulate in order to grow large rhizomes and soil remains loose.
3. Pembubunan: As with any other rhizomes of plants, the turmeric pembubunan work is needed to hoard back to the root zone soil water-borne sag. Pembubunan useful to provide conditions better media around the roots so that the rhizomes will grow fast and highly branched. Pembubunan usually done after weeding activities and is usually done routinely every 3-4 months.
4. Fertilization:
1. Organic Fertilization: The use of manure can increase the number of tillers, leaf number, and leaf area turmeric significantly. Combination of manure as much as 45 tonnes / ha with a population of 160,000 turmeric / ha yield production of 29.93 tons / ha.
2. Conventional fertilization: In addition to the basic fertilizer (in the early planting), turmeric plants need to be given a second supplementary fertilizers (at 2-4 months old plants). Basic fertilizers used are organic fertilizers 15-20 tons / ha. Fertilization second stage used manure and artificial fertilizer (urea 20 grams / tree; TSP 10 grams / tree; and ZK 10 grams / tree), and K2O (112 kg / ha) in 4-month-old plants. With fertilizer obtained a yield increase by 38% or 7.5 tonnes of fresh rhizomes / ha. Fertilization is also done with nitrogen fertilizer (60 kg / ha), P2O5 (50 kg / ha), and K2O (75 kg / ha). P fertilizer is given at the beginning of planting, fertilizer N and K are given at the beginning of the planting (1/3 dose) and the rest (2/3 dose) given at the time the plants are 2 months old and 4 months. Fertilizer is given to spread evenly around the plant or in the form of a groove and planted on the sidelines of the plant.
5. Irrigation and Watering: turmeric plants including plant is not waterproof. Therefore, drainage and water management needs to be done as carefully as possible, so that the plants free from puddles so that the rhizomes tidak.membusuk. Good drainage improvements to smooth and regulate the flow of water as well as water storage during the dry season.
6. Pesticide Spraying Time: Spraying pesticides have done if symptoms develop pest attack.
7. Mulching: Wherever possible mulching with straw conducted early in crops to avoid soil dryness, damage soil structure (being not friable / solid) and prevent excessive growth of weeds. Straw is spread evenly cover the surface of the soil in the planting holes.

7. PEST AND DISEASE

1. Pest
1. Root borer caterpillar (Dichcrosis puntifera.)
• Symptoms: at the base of the root where the leaf buds wither and gradually shoots become dry and rot.
• Control: plants sprayed / sprinkled insecticide Furadan G-3.
2. Disease
1. Rhizome rot bacteria
• Cause:: by poor irrigation systems (drainage) or caused by rhizomes were injured as a result of agricultural tools, so that the wound rhizome conceded fungus.
• Symptoms: Skin plant roots become wrinkled and peeling, then gradually decayed rhizomes and porous.
• Control:
1. prevent waterlogging on the soil, preventing injury to the rhizome;
2. penyemprotanfungisida Dithane M-45.
2. Turmeric leaf rust
• Cause: Taphrina macullans Bult and Colletothrium capisici or by aphids called Panchaetothrips.
• Symptoms: onset of brown (rust) on the leaf blade; When the disease attacks mature plants / leaves old then akan.mempengaruhi production otherwise if attacked plants / young leaves, causing the plant becomes dead.
• Control:
1. Performed by reducing the humidity;
2. Spraying insecticides, such as with agrotion 2 cc / liter or the fungicide Dithane M-45 on a regular basis once a week

3. Weeds: Weeds potential in turmeric cultivation is common garden weeds are weeds, sedges, grasses lulangan, ageratum, and other broadleaf weeds.
4. Control of pests / diseases organically: In organic farming does not use hazardous chemicals but rather with the materials that are environmentally friendly are usually carried out in an integrated manner from the beginning of planting to avoid pest and the disease known as IPM (Pest
   Integrated) whose components are as follows:
1. Ensuring a healthy plant growth, namely choosing a healthy seed free of pests and diseases and pests resistant to attack from the very start cropping
2. Utilizing as much as possible natural enemies
3. Use of improved varieties that are resistant to pests and diseases.
4. Using physical control / mechanical namely by human power.
5. Using the techniques of cultivating a good example by choosing intercropping cultivation of plants that support each other, as well as crop rotation in each cropping period to break the cycle of potential spread of pests and diseases.
6. The use of pesticides, insecticides, herbicides environmentally friendly natural and does not cause toxic residues both on ma harvested plant material as well as on land. Besides, the use of this material only in emergencies based on economic damage levels were obtained from observations.

Some plants that can be used as a pesticide plant and used in pest control, among others, are:

1. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) that contains nicotine to contact insecticide as a fumigant or stomach poison. Applications for such small insects Aphids.
2. Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) containing pyrethrin, which can be used as a systemic insecticide that attacks the nerve center of the application with spray. Applications on insects such as houseflies, mosquitoes, ticks, warehouse pests, and fruit flies.
3. Tuba (Derris elliptica and Derris malaccensis) containing rotenone to contact insecticide formulated in the form of gusts and spray.
4. Neem tree or neem (Azadirachta indica) containing azadirachtin that works quite selective. Applications are particularly toxic to insects such as leafhoppers and insect pests chewers like leaf rollers (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis). This material is also effective to overcome the virus attacks the RSV, GSV and Tungro.
5. Jicama (Pachyrrhizus erosus) whose seeds contain rotenoid that pakhirizida that can be used as insecticides and larvicides.
6. Jeringau (Acorus Calamus), which contains the main components asaron rhizomes and is usually used for insect venom danpembasmi fungi, and pest Callosobrocus warehouse.

8. HARVEST

1. Characteristics and Harvest: turmeric plants ready to be harvested at the age of 8-18 months, when it is best to harvest the plant age 11-12 months, when the second leaf drop. At that time, the production of which is greater and more when compared with the saffron harvest time at the age of 7-8 months. The characteristics of turmeric plants were ready for harvest is marked by the end of the vegetative growth, such as occurs kelayuan / discoloration of leaves and stems are green initially turns yellow (plants seem dead).
2. How to Harvest: Harvesting is done by dismantling the rhizomes with a hoe / fork. Before dismantled, stems and leaves removed first. Furthermore rhizomes that have been dismantled separated from the ground and put in a sack attached to prevent damage.
3. Period of Harvest: Harvest turmeric done in the dry season because at that moment sari / substances contained therein accumulate. In addition the water content in the rhizome has been slightly so as to facilitate the drying process.
4. Estimated Yield: Wet weight of rhizomes clean / clump obtained from yields reached 0.71 kg. Production of fresh rhizomes / ha is usually between 20-30 tons.

9. Postharvest.

1. Wet Sorting and Washing: Sorting on fresh ingredients made ​​to separate the rhizomes of impurities such as soil, crop residues and weeds. Once completed, weigh the amount of material sorting results and place it in a plastic container for washing. Washing is done with clean water, if necessary sprayed with high pressure water. Bilasannya water and if it still looks dirty doing rinsing once or twice again. Avoid washing too long to
   quality and the active compound contained in insoluble in water. Use of river water should be avoided because they feared had been polluted by sewage and a lot of bacteria / disease. After washing is completed,
   drain in the tray / container belubang-hole that left the rest of the washing water can be separated, after it was placed in a plastic container / bucket.
2. Perajangan: If necessary perajangan process, done with stainless steel blade and cover material will be shredded with a cutting board. Perajangan rhizome is done across a thickness of about 5 mm - 7 mm. After perajangan, weigh the results and put it in a plastic container / bucket. Perajangan can be done manually or with the mower.
3. Drying: Drying can be done in two ways, namely by sunlight or a heater / oven. drying the rhizomes do for 3-5 days, or after the water level is below 8%. sun dried and done on a mat or frame dryer, make sure the rhizomes are not overlapped. During the drying must be inverted approximately every 4 hours so that drying evenly. Protect the rhizome of the water, moist air and from the surrounding material that could contaminate. Drying in an oven at temperature 50 ° C - 60 ° C to be dried rhizome placed on an oven tray and make sure that the rhizomes are not overlapped. After drying, weigh the amount of produced rhizome
4. Dry sorting: Further sorting is done on dry material that has been dried by separating the materials from foreign objects such as gravel, soil or other impurities. Weigh the amount of rhizome of this sorting results
   (To calculate the yield).
5. Packaging: Once clean, dry rhizomes collected in plastic bags or sacks containers clean and airtight (has never been used before). Give a clear label on the container, yang.menjelaskan name of the material, part of the plant material, the number / production code, the name / address of the producer, net weight and storage methods.
6. Storage: The condition of the warehouse should be kept damp and the temperature did not exceed 30 ° C and the warehouse should have good ventilation and smooth, not leaking, to avoid contamination of other materials that degrade the quality of material
   concerned, have adequate lighting (avoid direct sunlight), as well as clean and free of pests warehouse.

10. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CROP CULTIVATION

10.1. Analysis of Cultivation

Estimates of turmeric cultivation analysis of 1000 m2 conducted in 1999 in Bogor.

1. Production cost
1. Land lease one growing season Rp. 150.000, -
2. Seed 50 kg @ Rp.
3. Fertilizer
• Manure 4,000 kg @ Rp. 150, - USD. 600.000, -
• Artificial fertilizers: Urea 32 kg @ Rp. 1.100, - USD. 35,200, -
• TSP 16 kg @ Rp. 1800, - USD. 28.800, -
• KCl 16 kg @ Rp. 1.600, - USD. 25.600, -
4. Pesticides Rp. 100.000, -
5. Tools Rp. 60.000, -
6. Labor Rp. 200.000, -
7. Harvest and post-harvest Rp. 100.000, -
8. Other Rp. 100.000, -
• Total production costs Rp.1.399.600, -
2. Revenue 2,500 kg @ Rp. 750, - Rp.1.875.000, -
3. ) Gain Rp. 475 400, -
4. Parameter feasibility: The ratio of output / input = 1,399

The cultivation of turmeric plant a large scale (commercial) or are carried out intensively, in Indonesia there are no and most farmers tend to grow this plant as a byproduct plants only.

10.2. Agribusiness Opportunity Overview

The average adult needs turmeric raw materials for the cosmetics industry / traditional herbal medicine in Indonesia between 1.5 to 6 tons / month. The level of market needs from year to year, increasing the percentage increase of 10-25% per year. Higher requirement on the eve of the great days / holidays. Demand for industrial needs over mostly from the supply farmers. Average look of needs .flat herbal medicine and cosmetics industry in the country, the supply and demand for turmeric unbalanced, let alone meet the demands of foreign markets. While turmeric world needs today is several hundred thousand tons / year. A small portion of this amount met by the country of India, Haiti, Sri Lanka, China, and other countries. Indonesia has now been properly cultivate these plants, especially with monocultures / intercropping so that production is achieved faster and higher, so that the minimum requirements are met optimally in the country. Although in Central Java has now pursued the planting system, also taken into account from the point of productivity and track layout niaganya, but the land area planted there have not been up to meet the needs of foreign markets that reach hundreds of thousands of tons / ha her. Indonesia actually started exporting saffron. Destination countries include Asia (Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Japan), America, and Europe (West Germany and the Netherlands). In 1987, the export value of Indonesian turmeric plants donated huge foreign exchange for the country. But the following year the number of exports began to decline and was stopped in 1989. India, China, Haiti, Sri Lanka, and Jamaica has now started cultivating turmeric plants on a large scale and they have been able to estimate the production of up to + 20 ton / ha. In terms of the marketing path, turmeric relatively efficient, because of farmers directly distributed to traders, and then to the factory / wholesaler. Then the price received by farmers reaches 70% of the price level of the factory, where 30% is the margin trading system which consists of 12% and 18% cost margin is the profit margin. Based on these conditions, turmeric trade system could be improved further, because the profit margins are the biggest traders. Turmeric agribusiness opportunities in Indonesia can be developed. This fact is based on the level of productivity, track trade system, and turmeric needs of various industries that need it.

11. STANDARD PRODUCTION

1. Scope: Standard production include: the type and quality standards, the way sampling and packaging requirements.
2. Description: ...
3. Classification and Quality Standards: Standard quality ginger to foreign markets included the following:
1. Color: yellow-orange to brown-orange yellow
2. Aroma: typical aromatic fragrance
3. Taste: like spices and slightly bitter.
4. The maximum moisture content: 12%
5. Ash: 3-7%
6. Sand content (dirt): 1%
7. Essential oil content (minimum): 5%
4. Sampling: From the amount of packaging in one party ready to export ginger taken a number of random packing as below, with a maximum weight of 20 tons each party.
1. For a 1-100 number in party packs, samples taken 5.
2. For the amount of packaging in the party 101-300, the samples taken 7
3. For the amount of packaging in the party 301-500, the samples taken 9
4. For the amount of packaging in the party 501-1000, samples taken 10
5. For the amount of packaging in the party over 1000, samples taken at least 15
6. Packaging has been taken, poured its contents, then drawn at random as much as 10 rhizomes of each package as an example. Especially for packaging of ginger weight of 20 kg or less, then the samples taken by 5 rhizomes. Examples that have been taken and then tested to determine its quality. The sampling officer must qualify that people who have experienced or trained in advance and had ties with a legal entity.
5. Packaging: Turmeric is presented in the form of rhizome intact, packed with strong plastic mesh, with a maximum weight of 15 kg per package, or packed with bamboo basket with a weight corresponding agreement between the seller and the buyer. The outside of each package is written, with a material that does not fade, clearly legible, among others:
• Products from Indonesia
• Name / code of the company / Exporter
• Name of goods
• Country of destination
• Gross weight
• Net weight
• Name buyers

12.DAFTAR LITERATURE

1. Anonymous. 1994. Research in the Context of Pesticides Vegetable. Proceedings of the Seminar in Bogor 1 to 2 December 1993. The Research Institute for Spices and Medicinal Plants. Bogor. 311 Page.
2. Anonymous. 1989. Natural Medicinal Materials Vademekum. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Jakarta. Hal..3 411) Dervish SN. 1991. Medicinal plants Zingiberaceae family. Bogor, Central Research Institute for Industrial Crops: 39-61.
3. Kartasapoetra, G. 1992. Cultivation of medicinal plants: turmeric (turmeric). Jakarta, PT. Rineka Copyright: 60.
4. Kloppenburg-Versteegh, J. 1988. Complete instructions regarding the plants in Indonesia and properties as traditional medicines (turmeric or saffron-Curcuma domestica Val.). Volume 1: Botany section. Yogyakarta, CD.RS. Bethesda: 102-103.
5. Moko, Hidayat; Mulyoto; Ismiyatiningsih. 1993. Influence of growth regulators and some mulch on the growth of turmeric plants. Agricultural Bulletin Spices and Medicinal Plants, 8 (1) 1993: 30-38.
6. Muhlisah, Fauziah. 1996. The medicinal plant families (toga): turmeric. Cet.2. Jakarta, Penebar Organization: 40-41.
7. Nugroho, Nurfina A. 1998. Benefits and development prospects of turmeric. Ungaran, Trubus Agriwidya. 86 p.
8. Soedibyo, BRA Mooryati. 1998. Natural sources of health, benefits and uses: turmeric. Cet.1. Jakarta, Balai Pustaka: 230-231.
9. Wijayakusuma, HM Hembing; Dalimartha, Setiawan; Wirian, AS 1992 medicinal plants in Indonesia: turmeric; Curcuma longa Linn (Jiang Huang). Volume 4. Jakarta, Reader Kartini: 93-94.
10. Wiroatmodjo, Joedojono; Lontoh, AP; Nurdin. 1993. Study of manure and the production growth rate of the population of the turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val.) Intercropped with sweet corn (Zea mays Soccharata). Agronomy Bulletin, 21 (2) 1993: 59-63.

    

    Cultivation of saffron

    
    

    

    Cultivation of saffron

    
    

    

    Cultivation of saffron

    
    

    

    Cultivation of saffron