dahlia cultivation

1. A BRIEF HISTORY

Dahlia is an ornamental flower plants such as annual plants upright. This plant comes from the mountains of Mexico. Dahlia including ornamental plants cultivated late. In Europe cultivation began in 1789, from the Royal Botanical Garden in Madrid, Spain and spread throughout Western Europe. Although the development is very slow, in 1841 there were already 1,200 varieties. Dahlia was imported to the West Java from the Netherlands in the colonial period in the 19th century became a commodity Currently dahlia cut flower / flower pot which is important in many parts of the world. Abroad, this interest has prospectively so formed interest groups such as dahlias Dahlia Society of India, National Dahlia Society of United kingdom and the American Dahlia Society.

2. TYPES OF PLANTS

Dahlia plant botanical classification is as follows:

·    Division: Spermatophyta

·    Sub Division: Angiospermae

·    Class: Dicotyledonae

·    Family: Compositae

·    Genus: Dahlia

·    Species: Dahlia spp. L.

Dahlia plants cultivated consists of Dahlia trees that can reach several meters and form of shrubs (woody plants but still low). Dahlia flower color: white, yellow, orange, violet, red, purple, or mixtures thereof. The smallest flower diameter of about 5 cm, while the largest about 30 cm. Dahlia species that exist today were D. pinnata, D. variabilis, D. coccinea, D. juarezii.

3. BENEFITS OF PLANTS

Cactus dahlia flower white always traded as a kind of interest that is widely used for arranging flowers. Other types of rich colors Dahlia (dahlia dahlia large and small) are sold in the polybag to be used as plant outdoors. Dahlia is a plant berubi. Dahlia potato contains nearly 70 per cent of the starch in the form of inulin. Pure inulin extracted from dahlia tuber used in the medical field. If inulin fermented by certain enzymes or by soil fungi, inulin will turn into fructose, a sugar that is widely used in food preservation or syrup. Therefore, the use of inulin from dahlia via bioconversion to sugar fructose.

4. INVESTMENT CENTER

In Indonesia, for commercial purposes, dahlias grown in the highlands of Lembang and Cianjur (West Java).

5. TERMS OF GROWTH

5.1. Climate

These plants require abundant sunshine without shade.

5.2. Growing Media

1.               Plants can grow in any sandy loam soil containing humus, have good air system and crumbly.

2.               Good acidity of the soil for plant growth between pH = 6.0 to 8.0.

5.3. Height Places

Plants can grow well in the highlands with optimum altitude 700-1000 m above sea level.

6. GUIDELINES FOR RAISING

6.1. Seeding

1.               Seeding Technique Seed

1.               Generative Propagation by seed: Performed on a mini dahlia flower colors to obtain new and more varied. Seed derived from healthy dahlia plants aged 5 months. Sowing seeds directly over the prepared seedbed. Nursery beds made ​​on the ground with a width of 1 m and a length depending on the land with the North-South direction. The pile is made ​​from a mixture of humus, cow manure and arable land with a ratio of 1: 1: 1. 5 cm high beds. Seed spread evenly over the beds and covered with a thin layer of soil. In the dry season, the beds covered with banana leaves that have been washed or burlap sacks beds were clean to prevent moisture awake. Beds need to be given shade when the nursery is done in the rainy season. Shade in the form of transparent plastic 80 cm in sisit east and 60 cm on the west side. Once the seeds germinate and leaf two strands, the cover (banana leaf / rag) is opened. Seed maintained until leafy perfect dipersemaian 2 pieces, at this stage has not touched the roots of plants basic beds and Transplanting into polybag transparent 18x15 cm contains a mixture of husk and cow manure (6: 1). After six strands leaved plants, carried into the second pindahtanam 30x20 cm transparent polybag containing the same media. In this polybag maintained until flowering plants for 1.5-2 months and ready for sale.

2.               Vegetative propagation by cuttings: Performed on to get a mini dahlia flowers with the same colors and shapes and for large dahlias that can not be seeded. Materials taken from axillary bud cuttings measuring 7-10 cm. To avoid diseases, use a knife cutting / clean sharp knife to cut the bud. Seeding is done in a transparent polybag 30x20 cm contains a mixture of rice husks and manure (6: 1) and maintained until ready for sale without dipindahtanam for 3 days.

3.               Vegetative propagation of yams: Performed on cactus and semi-cactus dahlia. Ubi taken from plants aged 7 months. To get yam, plant stems that have finished flowering period first cut to 10 cm from the surface tanah.Tanah excavated and lifted potatoes along with the main stem.

2.               Maintenance Seeding

1.               Plants at Nursery: During the nursery plants are watered once a day and were not given fertilizer because the food was pretty much obtained from the beds. Weeding should be done very carefully so as not to damage the still fragile seedlings.

2.               Plants in polybag: Plants are watered 1-2 days (morning-afternoon) unless the rainy day. Weeds grew scarce, if there are weeded by way revoked or taken with a small hoe To prevent pests / diseases, plants sprayed with pesticides Antracol / Basudin 2 weeks at the turn of the rainy season and the dry-wet season. Foliar fertilizer NPK Gandasil and 1 gram given 1 week.

6.2. Media Processing Plant

1.               Planting in Polybag (dahlia dahlia mini and large)

1.               Planting medium husks and manure (6: 1) mixed evenly.

2.               Insert media into a polybag 30 x 20 cm up to 90 per cent volume.

3.               Make the planting hole amid media, add 1 gram of NPK fertilizer.

4.               Enter polybag seedlings from small and medium condense around the stem. Flush until moist.

5.               Furthermore, the plant was given as 1 gram of NPK fertilizer every two weeks. Spraying with pesticides Antracol and Basudin do if visible symptoms of disease.

6.               Leaf pruning is necessary so that the interest generated good quality. flower thinning aims to earn interest with a maximum size. Flower thinning criteria are:

1.               In each lateral shoots are 6 flowers only calculated up to three books for mini Dahlia plants.

2.               In each of the main shoots and buds lateral consists only of three flowers to plant a large Dahlia.

2.               The pile formation: The pile is built with a width of 70 cm, height 15 cm and a length in accordance with the conditions of the land and the distance between beds 55 cm. Once the beds are formed, the soil is as deep as 45 cm several times with a hoe. Add mulch 15 cm (10-15 tonnes / ha) and mixed with 45 cm soil beds. Puree seedbed soil to a depth of 15 cm. Trim back the bed.

6.3. Planting Techniques

1.               Hole Making Plant: Planting hole was made ​​as deep as 20 x 20 x 20 cm at a spacing of 65-75 cm.

2.               Planting Potatoes: Potatoes placed horizontally at the bottom of the hole and cover with soil about 5 cm. From shoots that grow only one or two are allowed to continue to grow.

6.4. Plant Maintenance

1.               Spacing and Stitching: To obtain a uniform growth can be done until the 3-week-old plants. Typically seeds do not grow perfectly if watering is done too late, especially if hot air. Spacing of interest needs to be done, especially if the amount of interest in the stalk too much so that flowers reach a maximum diameter. At cactus dahlia (white) only one flower left alive on one stalk, while the semi cactus dahlia can be 5-6 flowers.

2.               Weeding: Do accordance with the growth of weeds and at the time of fertilization and Pembumbunan. Prevention of the growth of weeds can be spread organic mulch between the plants. When the plant reaches 1 m, the plant dibumbun and propped up with 2 stalks of bamboo in order not to fall down.

3.               Fertilization: ilakukan every 10 days with urea, SP-36 and KCl respectively 2 grams or 5 grams of NPK. Giving the first 10 days after transplanting. Fertilizer given in the bolt as far as 15 cm from the base of the stem. Close the fertilizer with the soil.

4.               Irrigation and watering: Do accordance growth of plants. At the beginning of its growth, the soil around the base of the stem to the outermost point of the canopy not to dry out. At that time, if necessary, the plants watered 2-3 times a day depending on weather conditions. After that watering can be done every 5 days. Watering also need to be done after fertilizer application.

7. PEST AND DISEASE

7.1. Pest

1.               Ground caterpillar (Agrotis Ypsilon Hufn.)

o Symptoms: The larvae attack the potato plants and stems. Caterpillar cut off the growing point or base of the stem of the plant so that the petiole or stem wilt fall down and especially in the daytime.

o Control: done by killing the caterpillar along with pembubunan and weeding, giving furadan though not always effective and spraying insecticide Indofuran 3G or Hostathion.

7.2. Disease

1.               Powdery mildew / Powdery mildew

o Cause: The fungus Oidium tingitanium Sphaetotheca mascularis or Uncinula Necator).

o Symptoms: affected areas, especially the leaves, covered with a layer of thin white like flour, the leaves will dry up and fall.

o Control: fungicide Benlate or Rubigan 120 EC. The attack occurred in the transition from the rainy to the dry season.

2.               Virus

o Cause: virus type CMV, TSV, TSWV and DMV.

o Symptoms: abnormal plant growth so the plant dwarf.

o Control: control the development of insect vectors like aphids or thrips, soak the seeds in hot water, destroy the infected plants and spraying insecticides. A better method is to eliminate the virus from tissue culture seedlings and detect the presence of the virus by the ELISA test.

8. HARVEST

Harvested plants can be flowers dahlias and sweet potato are used as sweeteners taken from the large dahlias, cactus or semi-cactus dahlia.

8.1. Characteristics and Harvest

1.               Flowers: three months after planting, the first flowers can be picked two times a week to 4 months later. Flowers are ready to be picked has been in full bloom with a diameter of 10 cm.

2.               Potatoes: potatoes are harvested at 7 months old plants after planting.

8.2. How to Harvest

1.               Flowers: cactus dahlia flower (purple) are picked by cutting the flower stalk length of 20 cm from the base of the flower. Semi cactus dahlia flower is harvested by cutting the flower stalk 50 cm long from the base of the flower.

2.               Ubi: whole plant is allowed to grow some of the nutrients that the leftovers in the main stem can be absorbed by the tuber. The stem is cut to a height of 10 cm from the base of the stem, excavated soil around the stem and tuber removed together with the trunk.

8.3. Production Forecast

1.               Flowers: 1 tumbak for planting area (14 m 2), produced flower buds 1500 every week for 4 months of harvest.

2.               Ubi: large sweet potato and potato production per stem depending on the type of dahlia. Cactus dahlia tubers produce large and can reach 2 kg / plant. In 10 tumbak (140 m 2) produced 400 kg of potatoes.

9. Postharvest

1.               Flowers: Every 50 stalks tied and wrapped in banana leaves, flowers are usually sold directly to the flower market (consumers).

2.               Ubi: In order to get the sugar fructose from dahlia tuber treatment performed as follows:

1.               Potatoes washed, peeled and cut into 1 cm thick slices.

2.               Pieces of boiled potatoes with water for 20 minutes.

10. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CROP CULTIVATION

10.1. Analysis of Cultivation

Estimates are based on the analysis of dahlia cultivation land area 30 tumbak (420 m2) in 1999 in Lembang, West Java.

1.               Production cost:

1.               420 m2 of land lease for one planting season Rp. 100.000, -

2.               Seedlings: 2000 @ Rp. 1.000, - USD. 2.000.000, -

3.               Fertilizer

§ Manure Rp. 45.000, -

§ Artificial fertilizers Rp. 525.000, -

4.               Pesticides Rp. 750.000, -

5.               Tools (polybags, husks, etc.) Rp. 2.750.000, -

6.               Labor Rp. 2.625.000, -

7.               Other Rp. 500.000, -

o Total production cost Rp. 9.295 million, -

2.               Revenue: 25,000 florets x 16 weeks @ Rp.35, - USD. 14.000.000, -

3.               Profit Rp. 4.705 million, -

4.               Parameter feasibility: 1. The ratio of output / input = 1.506

Price mini dahlias in polybags between Rp. 600, - up to Rp. 1.000, - and large dahlias in polybags between 1.000, - until Rp.1.500, -. Plants are sold in garden and always exhausted before the flowers bloom. With production costs including labor around Rp. 350, - up to Rp. 400, - per polybag, dahlia sale as potted plants or plants outside the home will benefit.

10.2. Agribusiness Opportunity Overview

Dahlia is a very popular ornamental plants in foreign countries, but in Indonesia has not been too popular. Dahlia festivals are often held in the UK, USA or India. This interest in the future of Indonesia will be better in line with the public interest to make the flowers as one needs. Actually, the potential for a very promising dahlia is the high content of inulin in potatoes. Inulin can be converted into sugar fructose. Currently, Indonesia still imports sugar fructose. Agribusiness dahlia with the goal of making it as inulin or sugar crops will face a bright future. Price inulin, fructose syrup price of Rp. 3.100, - / kg (1990).

11. STANDARD PRODUCTION

11.1. Scope

Standard production includes: classification and quality standards, the way sampling and packaging.

11.2. Description: ...

11.3. Classification and Quality Standards: Quality and packing of flowers for export to the international market is largely determined by the importing country.

11.4. Sampling

From one party or dahlia flower lot consisting of a maximum of 1,000 packs, samples taken at random a number as mentioned in the above data:

1.               Samples taken from all, the amount of interest in the party packing 1-5.

2.               Samples taken at least 5, the amount of interest in the party packaging 6-100.

3.               Samples taken at least seven, the amount of interest in the party packaging 101-300.

4.               Samples taken at least 9, the amount of interest in the party packaging 301-500.

5.               Samples taken at least 10, the amount of interest in the party packaging 501-1001.

Of each packaging randomly selected sample taken at least three flower stalks. For packaging sample to the contents of less than three stalks, taken one stalk. Of the number of stalks collected and then drawn at random sample totaling at approximately five stalks tested. The sampling officer must be qualified, that is, those who have been trained in advance and given the authority to do so.

11.5. Packaging

1.               The base of dahlia flower stalk piece inserted into the tube containing preservative fluid / wrapped in cotton wool and then put into a plastic bag containing the preservative liquid is packed in a cardboard box / other appropriate packaging.

2.               One bond is composed of 20 stalks of flowers and wrapped in special wrapping paper Sleeves. Florets are not covered sheath, the base of the flower was given a wet cotton.

3.               Packing is done in a cardboard box with a capacity of 10 ties. On the outside of the packaging with the words:

1.               Name of goods.

2.               Kind of quality.

3.               The name or code of the manufacturer / exporter.

4.               Total contents.

5.               Country of destination.

4.               Freight carried by conveyance air temperature 7-8 degrees C with 60-65% humidity.

12. REFERENCES

1.               Bailey, LH 1937. The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. Macmillan Company. New York.

2.               Fisher, AA Virus Infection in Dahlia-Part II. Indian Dahlia Annual 1998: 57-60

3.               Lutony, TL 1993. Plant Sources Sweeteners. Penebar Organization. Jakarta

4.               Molzer, V. 1986. Flore des Jardins. Grund. Paris

5.               Vinayananda, S. 1998. Flowerbad Dahlias. Indian Dahlia Annual 1998: 22-24

Source: Management Information System Development in Rural Areas, BAPPENAS